Table Of ContentSAFETY PRACTICES IN THE ORGANIC LABORATORY1
GENERAL:
Never work in the laboratory alone. Perform no unauthorized
experiments. Do not use mouth suction to fill pipettes. Confine long hair and loose
clothes while working in the laboratory. Wear shoes. Learn the location of and cor-
rect use of the nearest fire extinguisher. Learn the location of the safety shower and
first aid kit, and be prepared to give help to others.
SAFETY GLASSES:
Safety glasses should be worn at all times while in the
laboratory, whether you actively engage in experimental work or not.
FIRE:
Avoid unnecessary flames. Check the area near you for volatile sol-
vents before lighting a burner. Check the area near you for flames if you are about
to begin working with a volatile solvent. Be particularly careful of the volatile
solvents diethyl ether, petroleum ether, ligroin, benzene, methanol, ethanol, and
acetone.
CHEMICALS:
Handle every chemical with care. Avoid contact with skin and
clothing. Wipe up spills immediately, especially near the balances and reagent shelf.
Replace caps on bottles as soon as possible. Do not use an organic solvent to wash
a chemical from the skin as this may actually increase the rate of absorption of the
chemical through the skin. Avoid the inhalation of organic vapors, particularly aro-
matic solvents and chlorinated solvents. Use care in smelling chemicals, and do not
taste them unless instructed to do so. Drinking, eating, or smoking in the labora-
tory is forbidden.
DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS:
Dispose of chemicals as directed in each
experiment’s “Cleaning Up” section. In general, small quantities of nonhazardous
water-soluble substances can be flushed down the drain with a large quantity of
water. Hazardous waste, nonhazardous solid waste, organic solvents, and halo-
genated organic waste should be placed in the four containers provided.
CAUTION:
It has been determined that several chemicals that are widely
used in the organic laboratory (e.g., benzene and chloroform) cause cancer in test
animals when administered in large doses. Where possible, the use of these chemi-
cals is avoided in this book. In the few cases where suspected carcinogens are used,
the precautions noted should be followed carefully. A case in point is chromium in
the +6 oxidation stage. The dust of solid Cr+6 salts is carcinogenic. The hazards have
been pointed out, and safe handling procedures are given.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1Adapted from American Chemical Society Joint Board-Council Committee on Chemical Safety. Safety in
Academic Chemistry Laboratories, Vol. 1: Accident Prevention for College and University Students, 7th ed.; American
Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003 (0-8412-3864-2).
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IN CASE OF ACCIDENT1
In case of accident notify the laboratory instructor immediately.
FIRE
Burning Clothing.
Prevent the person from running and fanning the flames.
Rolling the person on the floor will help extinguish the flames and prevent inhala-
tion of the flames. If a safety shower is nearby hold the person under the shower
until flames are extinguished and chemicals washed away. Do not use a fire blan-
ket if a shower is nearby. The blanket does not cool and smoldering continues.
Remove contaminated clothing. Wrap the person in a blanket to avoid shock. Get
prompt medical attention. Do not, under any circumstances, use a carbon tetra-
chloride (toxic) fire extinguisher and be very careful using a CO2 extinguisher
(the person may smother).
Burning Reagents.
Extinguish all nearby burners and remove combustible
material and solvents. Small fires in flasks and beakers can be extinguished by cov-
ering the container with a fiberglass-wire gauze square, a big beaker, or a watch
glass. Use a dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher directed at the base of
the flames. Do not use water.
Burns, Either Thermal or Chemical.
Flush the burned area with cold water
for at least 15 min. Resume if pain returns. Wash off chemicals with a mild deter-
gent and water. Current practice recommends that no neutralizing chemicals,
unguents, creams, lotions, or salves be applied. If chemicals are spilled on a person
over a large area quickly remove the contaminated clothing while under the safety
shower. Seconds count, and time should not be wasted because of modesty. Get
prompt medical attention.
CHEMICALS IN THE EYE:
Flush the eye with copious amounts of water
for 15 min using an eyewash fountain or bottle or by placing the injured person
face up on the floor and pouring water in the open eye. Hold the eye open to wash
behind the eyelids. After 15 min of washing obtain prompt medical attention,
regardless of the severity of the injury.
CUTS: Minor Cuts.
This type of cut is most common in the organic labora-
tory and usually arises from broken glass. Wash the cut, remove any pieces of glass,
and apply pressure to stop the bleeding. Get medical attention.
Major Cuts.
If blood is spurting place a pad directly on the wound, apply
firm pressure, wrap the injured to avoid shock, and get immediate medical atten-
tion. Never use a tourniquet.
POISONS:
Call 800 information (1-800-555-1212) for the telephone number
of the nearest Poison Control Center, which is usually also an 800 number.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1Adapted from American Chemical Society Joint Board-Council Committee on Chemical Safety. Safety in
Academic Chemistry Laboratories, Vol. 1: Accident Prevention for College and University Students, 7th ed.; American
Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003 (0-8412-3864-2).
33330_69_EndPaper p02-03.qxd 3/18/10 5:33 PM Page 3
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Macroscale and
Microscale Organic
Experiments
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Macroscale and
Microscale
Organic
Experiments
SIXTH EDITION
Kenneth L. Williamson
Mount Holyoke College, Emeritus
Katherine M. Masters
Pennsylvania State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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