Macromolecular chemistry Volume 2 A review of the literature published during 1979 and 1980

446 Pages·1982·25.563 MB·English

by  Royal Society of Chemistry

M acromolecul ar Chemistry
Volume 2

A Specialist Periodical Report
Ma cromolecul ar Chemistry
Volume 2
A Review of the Literature Published
during 1979 and 1980
Senior Reporters
A. D. Jenkins, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex
.. -
J. F. Kennedy, Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham
Reporters
D. G. H. Ballard ICI Ltd., Corporate K. M. Roch Polytechnic of the South
Laboratory, Runcorn Bank, London
J. C. Bevington University of Lancaster J. M. Rooney Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.,
D. C. Blackley Polytechnic of North Tallaght, lrelan d
London S. B. Ross-Murphy Unilever Research,
B. J. Briscoe Imperial College, London Sharnbrook
G. G. Cameron University ofAberdeen D. Shuttleworth Shell Research Ltd.,
J. M. G. Cowie University of Stirling Chester
D. A. Crombie The Polytechnic, D. J. Sparrow lCl Ltd., Organics Division,
H udders field Blackley
D. J. Dunn Woodhill-Permatex, Cleve- R. J. Sturgeon Heriot-Watt University,
land, U.S.A. Edinburgh
A. Fawcett Queen's University, Belfast D. R. Thatcher Biogen S.A., Geneva,
J. Ferguson University of Strathclyde Sw itzerlan d
J. P. Goddard University of Glasgow B. M. Tidswell University of Bradford
J. N. Hay University of Birmingham B. J. Tighe University of Aston in
F. Heatley University of Manchester Birmingham
E. Janke lCl Ltd., Corporate Laboratory, D. J. Walsh Imperial College, London
Runcorn I. G. Walton ICI Ltd., Organics Division,
J. T. Knowler University of Glasgow Blackley
J. R. McCallum University of St. W. W. Wright Royal Aircraft Establish-
Andre ws men t, Farnb oro ugh
M. I. Page The Polytechnic, Huddersfield R. N. Young University of Sheffield
S. M. Richardson Imperial College,
London
The Royal Society of Chemistry
Burlington House, London W I V OBN
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Macromolecular Chemistry. - Vol. 2. -
(Specialist periodical report/Royal Society of Chemistry)
1. Polymers and polymerization - Periodicals
I. Royal Society of Chemistry
547.7’05 QD 380
ISBN 0-85 186-866-5
ISSN 0144-2988
Copyright 0 1982
The Royal Society of Chemistry
All Rights Reserved
Nopart of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
in anyf orm or by any means - graphic, electronic,
including photocopying, recording, taping or
information storage and retrieval systems - without
written permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry
Printed in Great Britain by Spottiswoode Ballantyne Ltd.
Colchester and London
Preface
This Report, the second in the Series, is intended as a logical successor to the
initial volume and has again been planned to give those interested in macro-
molecular chemistry a useful and easily-read entry to current macromolecular
chemistry research. Whereas the vast amount of original research literature
available prevents this work from being completely comprehensive, the degree of
selection achieved ensures that as many areas as possible are adequately repre-
sented. The Report covers the new Literature available to us from January 1979
to December 1980.
The initiation of this series came principally from the Committee of the Macro-
molecular Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry (now amalgamated with the
Plastics and Polymer Group of the Society of Chemical Industry into Macro
Group U.K.) under the Chairmanship of Professor C. H. Bamford, F.R.S. Once
again we are indebted to the Committee for their encouragement and advice. We
are also grateful to the Reporters, many of them operating for the second time, for
their cooperation and dedication. It is our pleasure, therefore, to present to you the
team of Reporters, drawn from a wide cross-section of research and application in
macromolecular chemistry and technology, all of whom are known experts in their
particular fields.
Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable services of Dr. P. G.
Gardam (Manager, Books) and his staff, particularly Mr. P. W. Shallis, at the
Royal Society of Chemistry in the production of this Report.
November 198 1 A.D.J.
J.F.K.

Cont ents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
6 y A. D. Jenkins and J. F. Kennedy
Chapter 2 Chain Reaction Polymerization
Part I : Cationic Polymerization 3
By D. J. Dunn and J. M. Rooney
1 Introduction 3
2 Initiation Systems
Metal Alkyl and Metal Halide Compounds
Organic Cation Salts
Photochemical and Radiation Initiation
3 Propagating Species and their Reactivities
Styrene and Styrene Derivatives
Hydrocarbon Monomers
Vinyl Ethers
Heterocyclic Monomers
4 Synthetic Studies 10
Polymers from Novel Monomers 10
Block Copolymerization 12
Graft Polymerizations 13
Part II: Anionic Polymerization 15
By R. N. Young
Part Ill: Radical Polymerization 24
By J, C. Bevington
1 Introduction 24
2 Initiation 24
3 Growth Reactions 26
4 Transfer Processes 27
5 Termination 28
6 Inhibition and Retardation 30
...
Vlll Cont ents
Part IV: Emulsion Polymerization 31
By D. C. Blackle y
1 Introduction 31
2 Mechanistic Aspects 32
Interval I: Particle Nucleation 32
Interval 11: Particle Growth in the Presence of Monomer
Droplets 34
Interval 111: Particle Growth in the Absence of Monomer
Droplets 35
Other Mechanistic Aspects 36
3 Emulsion Copolymerization 37
4 Preparation of ‘Functional-group’ Latices by Emulsion Copoly-
merization 38
Carboxylated Latices 38
Other Functional-group Latices 39
5 Preparation of Model Polymer Colloids by Emulsion Poly-
merization 40
6 Chemical Engineering Aspects 42
7 Miscellaneous Aspects 43
Part V: Electrochemical Polymerization 45
By B. M. Tidswell
Chapter 3 Step Growth Polymerization
Part 1 : Polyesters, Polycarbonates, Polyamides, and Polyimides 49
By J. Ferguson
1 Introduction 49
2 Polyesters 50
Synthesis 50
Copolyester Synthesis 50
Properties 52
Morphology 53
Polymer Blends 55
Fabricated Properties and Applications 55