Legal and Regulatory Framework of European Energy Markets: Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations

309 Pages·2020·3.172 MB·English

by  Cansu D Burkhalter

Wissenschaftliche Beiträge
aus dem Tectum Verlag
Reihe Rechtswissenschaft

Wissenschaftliche Beiträge
aus dem Tectum Verlag
Reihe Rechtswissenschaft
Band 127
Cansu D. Burkhalter
Legal and Regulatory Framework
of European Energy Markets
Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations
Tectum Verlag
Abdruck der der Rechtwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich
vorgelegten Dissertation.
Cansu D. Burkhalter
Legal and Regulatory Framework of European Energy Markets.
Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations
Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag
Reihe: Rechtswissenschaft; Bd. 127
Zugl. Diss. Universität Zürich 2019
© Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2020
ePDF 978-3-8288-7440-4
(Dieser Titel ist zugleich als gedrucktes Werk unter der ISBN
978-3-8288-4429-2 im Tectum Verlag erschienen.)
ISSN 1861-7875
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Foreword
It is impossible to name all the people who have contributed to this
thesis.
I am very grateful to my main supervisors Prof. Dr. Rolf Weber
and Prof. Dr. Andreas Heinemann who have guided and supported
this project from the start. Their supervision and comments on the
various drafts of chapters are greatly appreciated and have improved
the final product markedly.
I must express my very profound gratitude to Hélène Koller for
providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement.
This accomplishment would not have been possible without her. Her
valuable input and rich experience have truly made this thesis a viable
and original piece of academic work.
I also would like to thank my mother, Prof. Dr. Emine Koban, for
patiently answering all of my queries on how to write a better PhD thesis.
I reserve a very special note of thanks to my husband (Tim
Burkhalter) for his extensive support, encouragement and uncondi-
tional love. My special thanks are extended to my parents (Emine and
Engin Koban), parents-in-law (Theres and Thomas Burkhalter) and
friends as well as colleagues for their support and endless patience.
V

Inhaltsverzeichnis
List of Abbreviations..................................................................... XIII
Bibliography.............................................................................. XV
Introduction.............................................................................. 1
Part 1 The Fundamentals of Energy Markets and Energy Companies............ 7
§1. Distinction of Energy Markets................................................ 7
I.Coal Market............................................................ 8
A. World............................................................... 8
B. Europe.............................................................. 9
II.Oil and Natural Gas Market............................................ 11
A. Oil Market.......................................................... 11
1. World ........................................................... 11
2. Europe .......................................................... 14
3. OPEC............................................................ 14
B. Natural Gas Market................................................. 16
1. World ........................................................... 16
2. Europe .......................................................... 17
III.Electricity Market...................................................... 19
A. World............................................................... 19
B. Europe.............................................................. 21
§2. Organisational Distinction of Energy Undertakings.......................... 22
I.Public Undertakings................................................... 22
A. State-owned Undertakings........................................ 22
B. Municipal Utilities.................................................. 25
II.Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) ..................................... 27
III.Privately Held Undertakings........................................... 30
VII
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Part 2 The European Union’s Energy Acquis.......................................... 31
§3. Origins of the Energy Acquis................................................. 31
I.European Coal and Steel Treaty........................................ 31
II.Euratom Treaty......................................................... 36
III.Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union..................... 37
§4. Energy Acquis on Sectoral Base.............................................. 42
I.Coal .................................................................... 42
A. General............................................................. 42
1. Expiry of the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty...... 42
2. State-Aid Regulations for Coal.................................. 44
B. Directive 2009/31/EC............................................... 48
1. Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies...................... 48
2. The CCS Directive................................................ 50
II.Natural Gas............................................................. 51
A. Directives concerning Natural Gas ................................. 51
1. Directive 91/296/EEC........................................... 51
2. Directive 98/30/EC.............................................. 52
3. Directive 2003/55/EC........................................... 56
4. Directive 2009/73/EC........................................... 59
B. Regulations Concerning Natural Gas............................... 62
1. Regulation 1775/2005.......................................... 62
2. Regulation 715/2009........................................... 63
III.Electricity .............................................................. 65
A. Directives concerning Electricity................................... 65
1. Directive 90/547/EEC........................................... 65
2. Directive 96/92/EC.............................................. 66
3. Directive 2003/54/EC........................................... 72
4. Directive 2009/72/EC........................................... 76
B. Regulations concerning Electricity................................. 80
1. Regulation 1228/2003.......................................... 80
2. Regulation 714/2009........................................... 81
IV.Renewable Energy..................................................... 83
A. Directive 2001/77/EC............................................... 83
B. Directive 2003/30/EC............................................... 84
C. Directive 2009/28/EC............................................... 85
VIII
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Part 3 Competition Law and Sector Specific Regulations.......................... 89
§5. Relations between Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulations...... 89
I.The General Notion of Competition and Competition Law............. 91
A. The Concept of Competition........................................ 91
B. The Concept of Competition Law................................... 93
1. Introduction..................................................... 93
2. Competition Law in the EU ..................................... 94
II.The General Notion of Regulation ..................................... 98
A. The Concept of Regulation......................................... 98
B. The Concept of Sector-Specific Regulations........................ 102
III.Differences between Competition Law and Sector-Specific
Regulations............................................................ 103
A. Structural Differences.............................................. 103
B. Institutional Differences............................................ 107
IV.Allocation of Competencies between Competition Authorities and
Sector-Specific Regulators............................................. 111
A. Exclusive Jurisdiction............................................... 112
B. Concurrent Jurisdiction............................................. 114
C. Summary........................................................... 116
§6. Application of Competition law in Regulated Sectors ....................... 118
I.Deutsche Telekom...................................................... 119
II.TeliaSonera............................................................. 123
III.Telefónica.............................................................. 125
IV.Orange Polska.......................................................... 128
Part 4 Competition in the European Energy Markets............................... 133
§7. Sector-Specific Rules for Energy Markets.................................... 133
I.Unbundling............................................................ 134
A. Unbundling in Transmission ....................................... 137
1. Ownership Unbundling......................................... 137
2. Independent System Operator (ISO)............................ 140
3. Independent Transmission Operator (ITO)...................... 141
B. Unbundling in Distribution......................................... 143
1. Accounting Unbundling......................................... 143
2. Functional Unbundling......................................... 144
IX