Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries

437 Pages·2007·2.56 MB·English

by  Akram-Lodhi

Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an
Era of Globalization
A host of internationally eminent scholars are brought together to explore
the structural causes of rural poverty and income inequality as well as the
processes of social exclusion and political subordination encountered by
the peasantry and rural workers. Utilizing new empirical evidence from
ten countries and in-depth analysis of key country studies, a comparative
analysis of agrarian reforms and their impact on rural poverty in Africa,
Asia, Latin America and transition countries is undertaken. This volume
provides a critical analysis and framework for the study of neoliberal land
policies in the current phase of globalization.
Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization determines that
the currently dominant neoliberal economic and social policies do not
tackle the main causes of rural poverty and are thus unable to significantly
reduce, let alone eliminate, this major development problem. The book
undertakes a critical analysis of past agrarian reform policies as well as of
current neoliberal land policies. It seeks to propose an agrarian reform
policy embedded in an appropriate development strategy which is able to
significantly reduce, and hopefully eliminate, rural poverty.
A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi is Professor of International Development
Studies at Trent University, Peterborough, Canada. Saturnino M. Borras Jr
is Canada Research Chair in International Development Studies, St Mary’s
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Cristóbal Kayis Associate Profes-
sor of Rural Development and Development Studies at the Institute of
Social Studies, The Hague, the Netherlands.
Routledge ISS studies in rural livelihoods
Editorial Board: A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi (Trent University), Saturnino M.
Borras Jr (St Mary’s University), Cristóbal Kay (Chair) (Institute of Social
Studies) and Max Spoor (Institute of Social Studies).
Routledge and the Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in The Hague, the
Netherlands have come together to publish a new book series in rural
livelihoods. The series will include themes such as land policies and land
rights, water issues, food policy and politics, rural poverty, agrarian trans-
formation, migration, rural-oriented social movements, rural conflict and
violence, among others. All books in the series will offer rigorous, empiri-
cally grounded, cross-national comparative and inter-regional analysis.
The books will be theoretically stimulating, but will also be accessible to
policy practitioners and civil society activists.
1 Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization
Perspectives from developing and transition countries
Edited by A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Saturnino M. Borras Jr and Cristóbal Kay
Land, Poverty and Livelihoods
in an Era of Globalization
Perspectives from developing and
transition countries
Edited by A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi,
Saturnino M. Borras Jr and Cristóbal Kay
First published 2007
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
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© 2007 Selection and editorial matter, A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi,
Saturnino M. Borras Jr and Cristóbal Kay; individual chapters, the
contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN 0-203-96225-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-41449-0 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-96225-7 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-41449-4 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-96225-1 (ebk)
Contents
List of illustrations vii
Notes on the contributors x
Foreword by Terry McKinley xiii
Preface xvii
List of abbreviations and acronyms xix
1 Agrarian reform and rural development: historical
overview and current issues 1
SATURNINO M. BORRAS JR, CRISTÓBAL KAY AND
A. HAROON AKRAM-LODHI
2 Bolivia’s unfinished agrarian reform: rural poverty
anddevelopment policies 41
CRISTÓBAL KAY AND MIGUEL URIOSTE
3 Agrarian reform and poverty reduction: lessons from
Brazil 80
CARMEN DIANA DEERE AND
LEONILDE SERVOLO DE MEDEIROS
4 Land, poverty and state–society interaction in the
Philippines 119
SATURNINO M. BORRAS JR, DANILO CARRANZA AND
RICARDO REYES
5 Land markets and rural livelihoods in Vietnam 152
A. HAROON AKRAM-LODHI
6 Land reform, rural poverty and inequality in Armenia:
a pro-poor approach to land policies 188
MAX SPOOR
vi Contents
7 The land system, agriculture and poverty in
Uzbekistan 221
AZIZUR RAHMAN KHAN
8 Mubarak’s legacy for Egypt’s rural poor: returning
land to the landlords 254
RAY BUSH
9 Land reform in Namibia: issues of equity and poverty 284
JAN KEES VAN DONGE WITH GEORGE EISEB AND
ALFONS MOSIMANE
10 Untying the Gordian knot: the question of land
reform in Ethiopia 310
MWANGI WA G˜ITH˜INJI AND GEBRU MERSHA
11 Land policy, poverty reduction and public action in
Zimbabwe 344
SAM MOYO
12 Neoliberal globalization, land and poverty:
implications for public action 383
A. HAROON AKRAM-LODHI, SATURNINO M. BORRAS JR,
CRISTÓBAL KAY AND TERRY MCKINLEY
Index 399
Illustrations
Figures
2.1 Map of Bolivia and its three geographical zones 46
5.1 Per capita net cereal availability, 1961–1999 154
5.2 Constant agricultural value added 165
5.3 Market integration in Vietnamese agriculture, 1988 175
6.1 Main crop indicators (1991–2003) 198
6.2 Main livestock indicators (1991–2003) 198
6.3 Domestic terms of trade (1997–2003) 200
6.4 Gross agricultural output versus farm size 201
9.1 Map of present communal areas and map of Herero
claims on land 288
10.1 Extent of redistributive land reform in 22 developing
countries(1915–1990) 319
10.2 Trends in average land size, household size and
number of parcels farmed per adult 325
10.3 Net farm and household income in Ethiopia, 2001 327
10.4 Ratio of net farm income to total household income
per capita (adult equivalent terms) in Ethiopia, 2001 327
10.5 Agricultural per capita indices of production in Ethiopia,
1993–2003 334
Tables
1.1 Changes in the economic and socio-political bases of, and
imperatives for, land reforms 16–17
1.2 Key features of various contending perspectives in
agrarianreform 22
2.1 National and rural poverty profile by region in Bolivia,
2002 47
2.2 Regional evolution of principal crops in Bolivia
(in hectares), 1950–1997 54
2.3 Land distributed by the agrarian reform, according to
type of beneficiary and property in Bolivia, 1953–2002 55
viii Illustrations
2.4 Land property regularisation process in Bolivia,
1996–2004 60
2.5 Titled and certified land by type of property in Bolivia,
1996–2004 61
3.1 Agrarian reform beneficiary families by period and region 91
3.2 Targeted number of beneficiary families and numbers
settled 103
4.1 Number of beneficiaries of land reform programme,
1972–2000 125
4.2 CARP’s land redistribution accomplishment, in hectares
(1972–2005) 126
4.3 Household income by tenure status (in rice and corn
lands), 1985 and 1998 (in pesos) 137
4.4 Farm production characteristics by tenure status, 1985
and 1998 (in Philippine pesos) 138
4.5a Average annual income of households by source in
2000 139
4.5b Average income of households by source in 1990 139
4.6 Average real income in 1994 prices 140
4.7 Poverty incidence in 1990 and 2000 140
4.8 Land productivity (Philippine peso/hectare) 141
5.1 Growth, poverty and social development in Vietnam,
1985–2000 152
5.2 Agrarian structure in Vietnam 160
5.3 Assets, inputs, output and income on Vietnam’s farms,
1993–2002 170
5.4 Paddy productivity by expenditure quintiles 173
5.5 Gini coefficients for Vietnam, 1978–200 176
6.1 Number and acreage of peasant farms (1998–2003) 192
6.2 Land inventory (private and state-owned) for the year
2000 193
6.3 Owned and leased land by peasant farms, distribution by
region(2003) 194
6.4 Rural and urban poverty compared (1996–2003) 196
6.5 Gross agricultural output (1998–2003) 197
6.6 GAO per mars(1999–2002), per hectare 201
6.7 The agricultural land market in Armenia (1998–2004) 202
6.8 Land sales of private and state land (2003–2004) 203
6.9 Land distribution, by region (2003) 205
6.10 Land transfer programme (2003–2005) from the State
ReserveFund 208
Annex 6.1 Private and community-owned agricultural land in
20communities (October 2004) 216
7.1 Indices of GDP and agricultural value added 224
7.2 Rural employment (numbers in million) 225
Illustrations ix
7.3 Incidence of rural poverty (per cent of population) 227
7.4 Distribution of sown land among different forms of
organisation 228
7.5 Newly created private farms in 2003 and 2004 234
7.6 The size distribution of private farms created in 2003 237
7.7 Relative productivity levels, 2000 (percentage of total) 239
7.8 Index of yield per hectare of wheat with yield in
shirkat(cid:1)100 239
8.1 Distribution of land ownership before agrarian reform
laws 257
8.2 Distribution of land ownership after 1952–1961 agrarian
reform 257
8.3 Beneficiary families of Nasser’s agrarian reforms 258
8.4 Changes in cropping pattern between 1995 and 2003 264
8.5 Legal status of land tenure in 1990 compared with
2000 270
8.6 Individual landholders in 1989/1990 compared with
1999/2000 271
8.7 Farmer survival and livelihood strategies in response to
Law 96 of 1992 275
9.1 Distribution of agricultural land in Namibia (2004) 292
9.2 Different types of land reform: cost structure to
government 298
10.1 Gini coefficients for land distribution in Ethiopia, 2001 320
10.2 Distribution of land in Ethiopia by land deciles, 2001 322
10.3 Gini coefficients and decile shares of land at the
regional level, 2001 323
10.4 Average land size, household size and number of parcels
farmed, 2001 324
10.5 Determinants of poverty – logistic model 330
10.6 Results of redistributive land reform in various countries 340
11.1 Land distribution and holdings size (million ha) patterns
(1980–2004) 348