Table Of ContentK F
EY IGURES IN
M E
EDIEVAL UROPE
A N E N C Y C L O P E D I A
K F
EY IGURES IN
M E
EDIEVAL UROPE
A N E N C Y C L O P E D I A
Richard K. Emmerson
Editor
Sandra Clayton-Emmerson
Associate Editor
New York London
Published in 2006 by Published in Great Britain by
Routledge Routledge
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C
ONTENTS
Introduction vii
The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages ix
Contributors xi
Alphabetical List of Entries xxi
Thematic List of Entries xxvii
Entries by Region xxxv
Maps xli
Entries A-Z 1
Index 685
v
I
NTRODUCTION
Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia provides a broad introduction to the biographical knowledge
collected and investigated by modern scholarship over the past several decades regarding the persons whose actions,
beliefs, creations, and writings shaped the Middle Ages, roughly that period in European history stretching from
about 500 to 1500.
The geographic and chronological range of this volume is therefore extensive and impressive, as are the lives
and accomplishments of the 587 fi gures it discusses. Although the historical record tends to favor persons born into
or achieving the higher estates of the Middle Ages, such as the princes of church and state, these entries include
a wide range of individuals, from emperors and queens to businessmen and traveling performers, from popes and
university scholars to visionary women and heretics, from one of the greatest poets of all times, Dante, who dur-
ing the later Middle Ages was known internationally, to Caedmon, a little known oral poet living on the edge of
civilized Europe during the early Middle Ages. These are the people who infl uenced, motivated, and were shaped
by the artistic, economic, intellectual, literary, political, religious, and social history of one of the most fascinating
periods of world history, the Middle Ages. It is worth noting that the Islamic world receives attention in Key Figures
in Medieval Europe, most of all because of its important place in medieval Iberia.
The 587 entries included in Key Figures in Medieval Europe are drawn from the following eight previously pub-
lished volumes in the Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages series, initiated by Garland.
• Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia, edited by Phillip Pulsiano and Kirsten Wolf (Garland, 1993)
• Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, John Bell Henneman, Jr.,
and Lawrence Earp (Garland, 1995)
• Medieval England: An Encyclopedia, edited by Paul E. Szarmach, M. Teresa Tavormina, and Joel T. Rosenthal
(Garland, 1998)
• Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia, edited by John Block Friedman and
Kristen Mossler Figg (Garland, 2000)
• Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, edited by John M. Jeep (Garland, 2001)
• Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia, edited by Norman Roth (Routledge, 2002)
• Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia, edited by E. Michael Gerli (Routledge, 2003)
• Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, edited by Christopher Kleinhenz (Routledge, 2003).
The entries comprising Key Figures in Medieval Europe were carefully selected amongst the biographical entries
found in the above volumes to provide a source for quick and ready information. The present volume is intended
not only for students, librarians, teachers, and the general public, who may be interested in the Middle Ages but do
not wish to purchase or sift through numerous individual encyclopedias, but also for medievalists and other scholars
who want to have a reliable reference work easily at hand. By drawing on previously published entries, the volume
gathers the best of scholarship scattered over eight volumes into one easy to use biographical resource. To preserve
the integrity of the scholarship, the entries are published as they originally appeared.
The strength of the entries is evident in the quality of the scholarship that informed the original volumes and that
drew on the wide knowledge of hundreds of scholars selected by the editors of the volumes for their expertise in
the areas of medieval studies assigned to them. The entries, therefore, are reliable accounts of the medieval fi gures
discussed and can be used with confi dence by all readers.
vii
INTRODUCTION
A compilation that seeks to combine entries from several geographically-based volumes into a single Europe-wide
volume is bound to have slight inconsistencies. The entries are arranged alphabetically according to the spelling of
the name in the source volume, but entries drawn from other volumes may refer to these individuals by somewhat
different names or spellings. There is also some variation in length. Readers should not assume that the length of an
entry represents the importance of a subject, because the source volumes vary in the size of their entries.
Given the thousands of individuals included in the eight encyclopedias, it was necessary to establish some rea-
sonably consistent criteria for selecting the entries included in Key Figures in Medieval Europe. Obviously, word
length could not be the primary criterion. However, within individual encyclopedias length could be used as a rough
gauge of importance, especially within certain categories, such as political fi gures. But such distinctions in length
within a single volume could not be used as an absolute, because of the nature of historical knowledge and available
evidence. We simply know much more about political fi gures (particularly members of the nobility) than we know
about commoners, which means that entries on emperors, kings, and caliphs, for example, will, with a very few
exceptions (e.g., Dante), be longer than entries on musicians, painters, and poets. Similarly, because of the interna-
tional nature of the Christian church and its omnipresence, we often know much more about religious fi gures than
secular ones, even when they were attached to courts and cathedrals. As in the modern world, gender structures also
affected the status of men and women during the Middle Ages, so that the historical record is generally much fuller
when dealing with men than with women.
Therefore, to provide some balance to Key Figures in Medieval Europe and to ensure that it represents the wide
range of cultural practices, as well as political events and religious thought, the selection privileges secular and
artistic fi gures by including several individuals whose entries in the source volumes are relatively short. Since these
individuals often worked outside the corridors of power and left few biographical records, there is little biographical
detail to explore, yet their accomplishments are signifi cant.
The selection of entries, in other words, is ultimately driven by the editorial sense of long-term importance and
infl uence, as well as by what the reader may fi nd interesting about the Middle Ages.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia is arranged in an easy-to-use A-to-Z reference format that con-
tains 587 entries. See also end-references and Further Reading suggestions direct the reader to explore the topics
further. To enhance the ease of use, readers will fi nd an alphabetical list of entries and a thematic list of entries
that organizes entries under such categories as artists and architects, authors, merchants and businessmen, musicians,
political leaders, religious fi gures, scientists, travelers, as well as notable women. Also, a list by region organizes
the entries by geographic areas, such as England, France, Germany, Iberia, Italy, Low Countries, and Scandinavia.
Readers will also fi nd a detailed index at the end of the book to help them further navigate the work.
viii
T R E M A
HE OUTLEDGE NCYCLOPEDIAS OF THE IDDLE GES
Formerly the Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, this comprehensive series began in 1993 with the publica-
tion of Medieval Scandinavia. A major enterprise in medieval scholarship, the series brings the expertise of scholars
specializing in myriad aspects of the medieval world together in a reference source accessible to students and the
general public as well as to historians and scholars in related fi elds. Each volume focuses on a geographical area
or theme important to medieval studies and is edited by a specialist in that fi eld, who has called upon a board of
consulting editors to establish the article list and review the articles. Each article is contributed by a scholar and
followed by a bibliography and cross-references to guide further research.
Routledge is proud to carry on the tradition established by the fi rst volumes in this important series. As the series
continues to grow, we hope that it will provide the most comprehensive and detailed view of the medieval world in
all its aspects ever presented in encyclopedia form.
Vol. 1 Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Phillip Pulsiano.
Vol. 2 Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, John Bell Henneman,
Jr., and Lawrence Earp.
Vol. 3 Medieval England: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Paul E. Szarmach, M. Teresa Tavormina, and Joel T.
Rosenthal.
Vol. 4 Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Pamela Crabtree.
Vol. 5 Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Edited by John Block Friedman
and Kristen Mossler Figg.
Vol. 6 Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Edited by John M. Jeep.
Vol. 7 Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Norman Roth.
Vol. 8 Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Edited by E. Michael Gerli.
Vol. 9 Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Christopher Kleinhenz.
Vol. 10 Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Seán Duffy.
Vol. 11 Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Thomas Glick, Stephen J.
Livesey, and Faith Wallis.
Vol. 12 Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Josef W. Meri.
The present volume, Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia, edited by Richard K. Emmerson, reprises
contents from volumes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 and is Volume 13 in the series.
ix
