Invisible Weapons: Liturgy and the Making of Crusade Ideology

379 Pages·2017·11.92 MB·English

by  M. Cecilia Gaposchkin

Invisible
Weapons
s

INVISIBLE
WEAPONS
Liturgy and the Making
of Crusade Ideology
s
M. Cecilia Gaposchkin
Cornell University Press
ithaca and london
Copyright © 2017 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts
thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing
from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage
House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
First published 2017 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia (Marianne Cecilia), 1970– author.
Title: Invisible weapons : liturgy and the making of crusade ideology / M. Cecilia
Gaposchkin.
Description: Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016031349 (print) | LCCN 2016032343 (ebook) | ISBN
9781501705151 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781501707971 (epub/mobi) |
ISBN 9781501707988 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Catholic Church—Liturgy—History—Middle Ages, 600–1500. |
Catholic Church—Liturgy—Texts—History and criticism. | Crusades. | War—
Religious aspects—Catholic Church—History of doctrines.
Classification: LCC BX1973 .G37 2017 (print) | LCC BX1973 (ebook) | DDC
264/.0200902—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031349
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and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such
materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that
are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For
further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.
Cover photograph (front and back): Altar cross from the treasury of the
Domkammer of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Münster, ca. 1090. © Stephan Kube,
Greven.
Author photograph by Jon Fox Gilbert.
For Mum and Dad

Contents
s
List of Illustrations and Maps xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Abbreviations and Citation Conventions xvii
Introduction 1
Crusading and the Liturgy 4
Premises and Parameters 7
Plan of Inquiry 12
Preliminaries 16
Crusading to the Levant, 1095–1500 16
The Liturgy and Its Books 22
1 The Militant Eschatology of the Liturgy and the Origins of
Crusade Ideology 29
The Image of Jerusalem in the Western Liturgy 31
The Liturgy of Pilgrimage 35
The Liturgy of War 41
The Liturgy of the Cross 53
2 From Pilgrimage to Crusade 65
Pilgrims on Crusade 67
The Centrality of the Cross 72
The Rite Coalesces 77
Old Texts, New Meanings 79
Local Innovations 81
Crusade and Pilgrimage in the Papal Rite 87
viii Contents
3 On the March 93
The First Crusade 97
The Liturgy of Battle 99
Processions 110
Crusading after the First Crusade 122
4 Celebrating the Capture of Jerusalem in the Holy City 130
The Latin Rite in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 132
The “Festivitas Ierusalem” Commemorating the Capture of
the City (July 15) 137
Themes of Liberation and Salvation in the Mass
and the Office 141
Prophecy and Fulfillment 148
The Rededication of the Holy Sepulcher in 1149 156
After 1187 162
5 Echoes of Victory in the West 165
Liturgical Commemoration and Calendars 167
Liturgy and Sacred Song 179
6 Clamoring to God: Liturgy as a Weapon of War 192
Begging Forgiveness and Clamoring for Help 195
Innocent III 201
The Theology of Failure and the Power of Prayer 208
Institutionalization and Response 219
“Whensoever It Might Happen that Someone Celebrates the
Office of the Mass” 222
7 Praying against the Turks 226
The Ottoman Advance 229
Institutional Considerations 232
New Efforts 237
The Argument of the Liturgy 244
The Devotional Use of Old Testament Narrative 248
Conclusion 256
Appendices
1. The Liturgy of the 15 July Commemoration 263
2. Comparative Development of the Clamor 289
3. Timeline of Nonliturgical Evidence for Liturgical
Supplications 309
Contents ix
Selected Bibliography 325
Manuscripts Cited 325
Printed Source Material 326
Studies 328
Index 339