Investigating child exploitation and pornography: the Internet, the law and forensic science

322 Pages·2005·4.534 MB·English

by  Monique Ferraro, Eoghan Casey

INVESTIGATING CHILD
EXPLOITATION AND
PORNOGRAPHY
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INVESTIGATING CHILD
EXPLOITATION AND
PORNOGRAPHY:
THE INTERNET, THE LAW
AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
Monique Mattei Ferraro, JD, CISSP
Eoghan Casey, MS
Michael McGrath, MD, Contributor
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris •
San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
Acquisitions Editor Mark Listewnik
Project Manager Sarah Hajduk
Associate Acquisitions Editor Jennifer Soucy
Developmental Editor Pamela Chester
Marketing Manager Christian Nolin
Cover Design Greg Smith
Interior Design Kenneth Burnley
Composition Best Set
Printer Maple-Vail
Elsevier Academic Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
APPLICATION SUBMITTED
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 0-12-163105-2
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at
www.books.elsevier.com/forensics
Printed in the United States of America
05 06 07 08 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
M.M.F.
This work is dedicated to my husband, Albert, my daughter, Sara, my son
Nicholas and his birth mother Amy.
E.C.
To my family, particularly my wife Genevieve and mother Ita, for constantly
reminding me of the good in this world.
When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery
rather than avenge it?
Eleanor Roosevelt
If we don’t stand up for children, then we don’t stand for much.
Marian Wright Edelman
CONTENTS
About the Authors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
SECTION I THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
1. Overview 3
1.1 Background 5
1.2 History of Child Sexual Exploitation 6
1.3 Child Pornography 8
1.4 Technology and Child Exploitation 9
1.5 Technology and Preferential Sex Offenders 15
1.6 Development of Child Pornography Law 16
1.7 International: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 18
1.8 Conclusion 18
References 19
2. Internet Applications 21
2.1 IP Addresses and Domain Name System 22
2.2 E-Mail 23
2.3 E-Groups and Mailing Lists 24
2.4 List Serves 31
2.5 Newsgroups, Discussion Boards, and Bulletin Boards 31
2.6 Web Sites 33
2.7 Chat Rooms and Internet Relay Chat 35
2.8 Instant Messaging 36
2.9 Web Cameras and Videophones 37
2.10 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 37
2.11 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 38
2.12 Conclusion 39
Resources 39
3. Cyber Victims 41
3.1 Victimology 45
3.2 How to Protect Children Online 45
3.3 Conclusion 47
References 47
Internet Resources 49
viii CONTENTS
4. Cyber Offenders 51
4.1 The Online Sexual Predator 53
4.2 The Child Molester 57
4.3 Modus Operandi: How Online Child Molester Operates 63
4.4 Signature and the Online Child Molester 69
4.5 Profiling the Child Molester 71
4.6 The Subculture of Child Pornography 73
4.7 Conclusion 73
References 74
5. Sources of Digital Evidence 79
5.1 Open Computer Systems 81
5.2 Embedded Computer Systems 88
5.3 Communication Systems 91
5.4 Peripheral Devices 97
References 97
SECTION II INVESTIGATING INTERNET CHILD EXPLOITATION
6. Undercover Operations 101
6.1 Self-Protection 101
6.2 Using Personal Equipment 103
6.3 Setting Up Internet and Telephone Connections 104
6.4 Using Online Undercover Identities 105
6.5 Conducting an Online Investigation 105
6.6 Documenting Predisposition of the Suspect to Commit a Crime 107
6.7 Preparing for a Meeting or Search 107
6.8 Agencies and Resources 112
6.9 Conclusion 113
References 114
Internet Resources 114
7. Collecting and Preserving Evidence on the Internet 115
7.1 Preserving Evidence on the Internet 115
7.2 Finding Evidence on the Internet 116
7.3 Collecting Remote Evidence 119
References 127
8. Tracking on the Internet 129
8.1 Attribution and Continuity of Offense 130
8.2 Tracking Internet Activities 135
8.3 Overcoming Challenges to Attribution 145
References 150
9. Search and Seizure in Cyberspace I: Drafting Warrants and Warrantless Searches 151
9.1 Search Warrant Drafting 151
9.2 Search Warrants in General 154
9.3 Child Pornography Sent via the Internet—Search Warrant for Internet
Account 156
9.4 Enticement of a Minor 158