Table Of ContentS E C O N D E D I T I O N
I N T R O D U C T O R Y
B O TA N Y
P L A N T S , P E O P L E , A N D T H E E N V I R O N M E N T
LINDA R. BERG, Ph.D.
Former Affiliations:
University of Maryland, College Park
St. Petersburg College
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment, Second Edition
Linda R. Berg
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939406
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46669-5
ISBN-10: 0-534-46669-9
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This book is dedicated to botany professors and students everywhere.
Crescat scientia vita excolatur.
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Science Chapter 14 The Molecular Basis
of Botany 2 of Inheritance 274
Chapter 15 Genetic Frontiers 292
Part 1 The Plant Cell
Chapter 16 Continuity through Evolution 310
Chapter 2 The Chemical Composition
of Cells 22 Chapter 17 The Evolution of Populations
and Species 328
Chapter 3 Plant Cells 44
Chapter 4 Metabolism in Cells 64 Part 4 Diversity
Chapter 18 The Classifi cation of Plants
Part 2 Plant Structures and Life
and Other Organisms 348
Processes
Chapter 19 Viruses and Prokaryotes 364
Chapter 5 Plant Tissues and the
Multicellular Plant Body 90 Chapter 20 Kingdom Protista 382
Chapter 6 Plant Organs: Roots 110 Chapter 21 Kingdom Fungi 404
Chapter 7 Plant Organs: Stems 128 Chapter 22 Introduction to the Plant
Kingdom: Bryophytes 428
Chapter 8 Plant Organs: Leaves 150
Chapter 23 The Plant Kingdom: Seedless
Chapter 9 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 174 Vascular Plants 444
Chapter 10 Mineral Nutrition and Transport Chapter 24 The Plant Kingdom:
in Plants 198 Gymnosperms 466
Chapter 11 Growth Responses and Regulation Chapter 25 The Plant Kingdom: Flowering
of Growth 220 Plants 484
Part 3 The Continuity of Plant Life Part 5 Plant Ecology
Chapter 12 Mitosis, Meiosis, and Life Chapter 26 Ecosystems 514
Cycles 240
Chapter 27 Global Ecology and Human
Chapter 13 Patterns of Inheritance 254 Impacts 538
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vi • Brief Contents
Appendix A Metric Equivalents and Appendix G Broadleaf Evergreens 580
Temperature Conversion 566
Appendix H Deciduous Trees 582
Appendix B Some Important Biological Events
in Geologic Time 568 Appendix I Plant Selection for Various
Conditions 587
Appendix C USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 569
Appendix J Biological Control of Insects 589
Appendix D Annual Flowers 570
Appendix E Flowering Perennials 574 Glossary 590
Index 604
Appendix F Narrowleaf Evergreens 578
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Contents
Preface xxiii Plant DNA transmits information from one
generation to the next 12
Plant populations undergo genetic changes over
CHAPTER 1
time 12
An Introduction to the Science
Biological Diversity 13
of Botany 2
Many biologists assign organisms into six
Learning Objectives 2 kingdoms 13
The Human Population and Plants 4 Many biologists also assign organisms into three
Plants and People: Taxol 5 domains 15
Plants and People: Spices: A Brief History 6 Classifi cation is hierarchical 15
Each species is named using a binomial system 15
What Is Botany? 6
The Scientific Method 16
Botany comprises many disciplines 7
An experiment must have a control 16
Characteristics of Plants 8
Scientists use inductive and deductive reasoning 16
Plants are highly organized 8 Focus On: Using the Scientific Method 17
Plants take in and use energy 10
Many observations and experiments support
Plants respond to stimuli 11
theories 18
Plants grow and develop 11
Practicing science requires honesty 19
Plants reproduce 12
Study Outline 19
Review Questions 20
Photo Researchers, Inc. TCHhAouPTgEhRt Q2uestions 20
Jeffrey Lepore/ TLehaern iCnhg eOmbjeicctaivl eCs o 2m2position of Cells 22
An Introduction to Basic Chemistry 24
Atoms are the smallest particles of elements 24
Each atom has an atomic number and an
atomic mass 24
Electrons move around the nucleus, but their
exact positions are uncertain 25
Chemical bonds hold atoms together 25
Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ionic
bonds 26
Atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds 26
Hydrogen bonds are attractions between adjacent
molecules 27
Inorganic Compounds 27
Focus On: How Did Life Begin? 28
Water, an inorganic compound, is essential
to plants 28
Water’s polarity causes many of its properties 28
vii
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viii • Contents
Acids and Bases 30 Biological Membranes 56
Acids and bases dissociate when dissolved The fl uid mosaic model describes membrane
in water 30 structure 56
A solution’s acidity or alkalinity is expressed Membranes perform many functions 57
in terms of pH 30
Passage of Materials across Biological Membranes 58
Plants and the Environment: Acid Rain 31
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a
Organic Compounds 31 region of higher concentration to a region of lower
Plants and People: Phytochemicals and Human concentration 58
Health 32 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively
Sugars, starches, and cellulose are examples permeable membrane 59
of carbohydrates 32 Some substances cross membranes by facilitated
Fats and oils are examples of lipids 34 diffusion or active transport 60
Proteins are large organic molecules composed
Study Outline 61
of amino acids 36
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical Review Questions 62
reactions 37 Thought Questions 63
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids 38
Energy is temporarily stored in ATP 38
CHAPTER 4
Energy and Biological Work 39
Metabolism in Cells 64
The laws of thermodynamics govern energy
transformations 40 Learning Objectives 64
Study Outline 41 Metabolism 66
Oxidation– reduction reactions occur
Review Questions 42
in metabolism 66
Thought Questions 43 Electrons associated with hydrogen are transferred
to electron acceptor molecules 66
CHAPTER 3
Plant Cells 44 mages
Learning Objectives 44 Getty I
MetPhloadnst btoio Slotugdisyt sC teolldsa y 4u6se a variety of methods Ward/Life File/
to study cells 46 w
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells 48 Andre
The Structure of Plant Cells 48
The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of
the cell 48
The nucleus is the cell’s control center 48
Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical
energy 49
Mitochondria convert the chemical energy in food
molecules to ATP 51
Focus On: The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells 52
Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis 52
The endoplasmic reticulum has many functions 53
The Golgi apparatus is the cell’s collecting and
packaging center 53
Vacuoles are large, membrane-bounded sacs 54
The cytoskeleton is composed of protein fi bers 54
Cell walls surround plant cells 55
Plant cells and animal cells are more alike than
different 56
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Contents • ix
Photosynthesis 66
Light exhibits properties of both waves and
particles 66
Plants and the Environment: The Environmental Effects
of Using Biomass for Fuel 68
In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in
chloroplasts 68
Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment 70
In photosynthesis, plants convert light energy
to chemical energy stored in carbohydrate
molecules 72
The light-dependent reactions capture energy 72
The carbon fixation reactions produce
carbohydrates 72
Photosystems I and II are light-harvesting units
of the light-dependent reactions 72
ATP synthesis occurs by chemiosmosis 75
Most plants use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon 76
Photorespiration reduces the effi ciency of the
C pathway 76
3
Many plants with tropical origins fi x carbon using
the C pathway 78
4
Many desert plants fi x carbon using the CAM
pathway 79
Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathways 80 mited
Aerobic Respiration 80 Unli
Aerobic respiration occurs in four stages: Visuals
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The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl CoA 83
The electron transport system produces most of Collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened
the ATP 85 primary cell walls 95
Anaerobic Pathways 85 Sclerenchyma cells have both primary cell walls
Plants and the Environment: Electron Transport and thick secondary cell walls 95
and Heat in Plants 86 The vascular tissue system consists of two complex
tissues 95
Fermentation is ineffi cient 87
The conducting cells in xylem are tracheids and
Study Outline 87
vessel elements 99
Review Questions 89 Sieve-tube elements are the conducting cells of
phloem 99
Thought Questions 89
The dermal tissue system consists of two complex
tissues 99
CHAPTER 5 Epidermis is the outermost layer of an herbaceous
Plant Tissues and the Multicellular plant 99
Plants and People: Fibers and Textiles 100
Plant Body 90
Periderm replaces epidermis in woody plants 102
Learning Objectives 90
Plant Meristems 105
Plant Structure and Life Span 92 Primary growth takes place at apical meristems 105
Plants and the Environment: Plant Life History Secondary growth takes place at lateral
Strategies 93 meristems 107
Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body 93 Study Outline 107
The ground tissue system is composed of three simple
Review Questions 108
tissues 94
Parenchyma cells have thin primary cell walls 95 Thought Questions 109
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