Introduction to Logistics Systems Planning and Control

377 Pages·2005·4.21 MB·English

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IntroductiontoLogisticsSystemsPlanningandControl
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WILEY-INTERSCIENCESERIESINSYSTEMSANDOPTIMIZATION
AdvisoryEditors
SheldonRoss
DepartmentofIndustrialEngineeringandOperationsResearch,UniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeley,CA94720,USA
RichardWeber
StatisticalLaboratory,CentreforMathematicalSciences,CambridgeUniversity,
WilberforceRoad,CambridgeCB30WB
BATHER–DecisionTheory:AnIntroductiontoDynamicProgrammingandSequential
Decisions
CHAO/MIYAZAWA/PINEDO–QueueingNetworks:Customers,SignalsandProductForm
Solutions
COURCOUBETIS/WEBER–PricingCommunicationNetworks:Economics,Technology
andModelling
DEB–Multi-ObjectiveOptimizationusingEvolutionaryAlgorithms
GERMAN–PerformanceAnalysisofCommunicationSystems:Modelingwith
Non-MarkovianStochasticPetriNets
GHIANI/LAPORTE/MUSMANNO–IntroductiontoLogisticsSystemsPlanningand
Control
KALL/WALLACE–StochasticProgramming
KAMP/HASLER–RecursiveNeuralNetworksforAssociativeMemory
KIBZUN/KAN–StochasticProgrammingProblemswithProbabilityandQuantileFunctions
RUSTEM–AlgorithmsforNonlinearProgrammingandMultiple-ObjectiveDecisions
WHITTLE–OptimalControl:BasicsandBeyond
WHITTLE–NeuralNetsandChaoticCarriers
Theconceptofasystemasanentityinitsownrighthasemergedwithincreasingforceinthe
pastfewdecadesin,forexample,theareasofelectricalandcontrolengineering,economics,
ecology, urban structures, automation theory, operational research and industry. The more
definite concept of a large-scale system is implicit in these applications, but is particularly
evidentinsuchfieldsasthestudyofcommunicationnetworks,computernetworks,andneural
networks. The Wiley-Interscience Series in Systems and Optimization has been established
toservetheneedsofresearchersintheserapidlydevelopingfields.Itisintendedforworks
concernedwiththedevelopmentsinquantitativesystemstheory,applicationsofsuchtheory
inareasofinterest,orassociatedmethodology.
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IntroductiontoLogisticsSystemsPlanningandControl
GianpaoloGhiani
DepartmentofInnovationEngineering,
UniversityofLecce,Italy
GilbertLaporte
CanadaResearchChairinDistributionManagement,
HECMontre´al,Canada
RobertoMusmanno
DepartmentofElectronics,InformaticsandSystems,
UniversityofCalabria,Italy
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Copyright ©2004 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Ghiani,Gianpaolo.
Introductiontologisticssystemsplanningandcontrol/GianpaoloGhiani,
GilbertLaporte,RobertoMusmanno.
p.cm.–(Wiley-Interscienceseriesinsystemsandoptimization)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-470-84916-9(alk.paper)–ISBN0-470-84917-7(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Materialsmanagement.2.Materialshandling.I.Laporte,Gilbert.II.Musmanno,Roberto.III.Title.
IV.Series.
TS161.G472003
658.7–dc22 2003057594
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0-470-84916-9(Cloth)
0-470-84917-7(Paper)
ProducedfromLATEXfilessuppliedbytheauthors,typesetbyT&TProductionsLtd,London.
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry
inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
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ToLaura
ToAnnandCathy
ToMariaCarmela,FrancescoandAndrea
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Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvi
ProblemsandWebsite xix
Acknowledgements xxi
AbouttheAuthors xxiii
1 IntroducingLogisticsSystems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 HowLogisticsSystemsWork 6
1.2.1 Orderprocessing 6
1.2.2 Inventorymanagement 6
1.2.3 Freighttransportation 9
1.3 LogisticsManagerialIssues 14
1.4 EmergingTrendsinLogistics 16
1.5 LogisticsDecisions 18
1.5.1 Decisionsupportmethods 18
1.5.2 Outlineofthebook 20
1.6 QuestionsandProblems 20
1.7 AnnotatedBibliography 22
2 ForecastingLogisticsRequirements 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 DemandForecastingMethods 28
2.2.1 Qualitativemethods 28
2.2.2 Quantitativemethods 29
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viii CONTENTS
2.2.3 Notation 30
2.3 CausalMethods 30
2.4 TimeSeriesExtrapolation 33
2.4.1 Timeseriesdecompositionmethod 34
2.5 FurtherTimeSeriesExtrapolationMethods:theConstant
TrendCase 41
2.5.1 Elementarytechnique 42
2.5.2 Movingaveragemethod 44
2.5.3 Exponentialsmoothingmethod 48
2.5.4 Choiceofthesmoothingconstant 49
2.5.5 Thedemandforecastsforthesubsequenttimeperiods 49
2.6 FurtherTimeSeriesExtrapolationMethods:theLinear
TrendCase 50
2.6.1 Elementarytechnique 50
2.6.2 Linearregressionmethod 51
2.6.3 Doublemovingaveragemethod 52
2.6.4 TheHoltmethod 53
2.7 FurtherTimeSeriesExtrapolationMethods:theSeasonal
EffectCase 54
2.7.1 Elementarytechnique 55
2.7.2 Revisedexponentialsmoothingmethod 56
2.7.3 TheWintersmethod 58
2.8 AdvancedForecastingMethods 61
2.9 SelectionandControlofForecastingMethods 64
2.9.1 Accuracymeasures 64
2.9.2 Forecastcontrol 65
2.10 QuestionsandProblems 67
2.11 AnnotatedBibliography 72
3 DesigningtheLogisticsNetwork 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 ClassificationofLocationProblems 74
3.3 Single-EchelonSingle-CommodityLocationModels 77
3.3.1 Lineartransportationcostsandfacilityfixedcosts 79
3.3.2 Lineartransportationcostsandconcavepiecewise
linearfacilityoperatingcosts 90
3.4 Two-EchelonMulticommodityLocationModels 95
3.5 LogisticsFacilityLocationinthePublicSector 107
3.5.1 p-centremodels 108
3.5.2 Thelocation-coveringmodel 111
3.6 DataAggregation 115
3.7 QuestionsandProblems 118
3.8 AnnotatedBibliography 119
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CONTENTS ix
4 SolvingInventoryManagementProblems 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 RelevantCosts 121
4.3 ClassificationofInventoryManagementModels 123
4.4 SingleStockingPoint:Single-CommodityInventory
ModelsunderConstantDemandRate 123
4.4.1 Noninstantaneousresupply 124
4.4.2 Instantaneousresupply 128
4.4.3 Reorderpoint 130
4.5 SingleStockingPoint:Single-CommodityInventory
ModelsunderDeterministicTime-VaryingDemandRate 130
4.6 ModelswithDiscounts 132
4.6.1 Quantity-discounts-on-all-units 132
4.6.2 Incrementalquantitydiscounts 134
4.7 SingleStockingPoint:MulticommodityInventoryModels 136
4.7.1 Modelswithcapacityconstraints 136
4.7.2 Modelswithjointcosts 138
4.8 StochasticModels 141
4.8.1 TheNewsboyProblem 141
4.8.2 The(s,S)policyforsingleperiodproblems 142
4.8.3 Thereorderpointpolicy 143
4.8.4 Theperiodicreviewpolicy 145
4.8.5 The(s,S)policy 146
4.8.6 Thetwo-binpolicy 147
4.9 SelectinganInventoryPolicy 148
4.10 MultipleStockingPointModels 149
4.11 Slow-MovingItemModels 152
4.12 PolicyRobustness 153
4.13 QuestionsandProblems 154
4.14 AnnotatedBibliography 155
5 DesigningandOperatingaWarehouse 157
5.1 Introduction 157
5.1.1 Internalwarehousestructureandoperations 159
5.1.2 Storagemedia 160
5.1.3 Storage/retrievaltransportmechanismsandpolicies 161
5.1.4 Decisionssupportmethodologies 165
5.2 WarehouseDesign 165
5.2.1 Selecting the storage medium and the
storage/retrievaltransportmechanism 166
5.2.2 Sizingthereceivingandshipmentsubsystems 166
5.2.3 Sizingthestoragesubsystems 166
5.3 TacticalDecisions 174
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