Table Of ContentI
nternational
E
ducation
An Encyclopedia of
Contemporary Issues
and Systems
Edited by
Daniel Ness
Chia-ling Lin
and
I
nternational
E
ducation
Volume 1
I
nternational
E
ducation
An Encyclopedia of
Contemporary Issues
and Systems
Volume 1
Edited by
Daniel Ness
and Chia-ling Lin
M.E.Sharpe
Armonk, New York
London, England
© 2013 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders.
The EuroSlavic fonts used to create this work are © 1986–2012 Payne Loving Trust.
EuroSlavic is available from Linguist’s Software, Inc.,
www.linguistsoftware.com, P.O. Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 USA
tel (425) 775-1130.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
International education : an encyclopedia of contemporary issues and systems / edited by
Daniel Ness and Chia-ling Lin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-2049-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Education—Encyclopedias. I. Ness,
Daniel, 1966– II. Lin, Chia-ling.
LB15.I565 2012
370.3—dc23 2012031129
Printed and bound in the United States
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z 39.48.1984.
EB (c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Myron E. Sharpe
Vice President and Director of New Product Development: Donna Sanzone
Project Manager: Henrietta Toth
Program Coordinator: Cathleen Prisco
Text Design and Cover Design: Jesse Sanchez
Typesetter: Nancy J. Connick
C
ontents
VOLUME 1 Gender and Achievement 68
Educational Access and Opportunities 74
Contributors xi Gendered Mind 77
Foreword by Gary Natriello xiii
Acknowledgments xv Formal Education 81
Introduction xvii Curriculum 81
Figure: Global Demographical Data Instruction 84
Based on Income Level xix Figure: Schematic of Cognitive Domain
of Bloom’s Taxonomy 87
I. Topics in International Education 1
Table: Six Instructional Taxonomies
Introduction 3
in Perspective 89
Table: Topics in International Education:
Assessment 90
Introduction 6
Early Childhood Education 94
Sociopolitical and Cultural Issues in Education 10 Primary Education 98
Secondary Education 101
Terms Associated with Race and Culture in
Tertiary Education 106
Education 10
International Comparisons in Academic
Table: The Four Levels of Human Society 12
Subjects 110
Education and Racial Discrimination 15
Table: Comparisons of TIMSS
Racial Diversity (Multiculturalism), Education,
Mathematics Scale Scores of
and Progress 18
Eighth-Grade Students and PISA
Children’s and Adolescents’ Rights Worldwide 21
Mathematics Scale Scores of Students
Children’s Physical Health Issues 30
Age 13 by Country, 2003 112
Children’s Mental Health 33
Figure: Correlation of Mathematics
Parenting 38
Scores of Countries That Appear on
Drugs and Alcohol 43
Both TIMSS 2003 and PISA 2003 113
Poverty and Education 47
Accreditation and Licensure 114
Table: Comparison of Countries Based
Teacher Preparation Around the World 117
on Seven Indicators 48
Child Labor and Education 50
Informal Education 121
Violence, War, and Education 56
Experiential Education 121
Table: Child Soldiers in Countries
Expert/Novice Situations 123
Throughout the World 59
Home, Museums, and Libraries 125
Gender and Education 61 Issues and Challenges of Informal Education 128
Gender Disparity Worldwide 61 Learning at Work 130
Globalization, Gender, and Education 63 Out-of-School-Time Programs 133
v
vi Contents
Content, Curriculum, and Resources 136 Global Health and Well-Being
Curriculum in Education from a Historical Organizations 250
Perspective 136 Educational Activist Associations 255
Figure: Article 26 of the Universal Teachers Colleges 260
Declaration of Human Rights 142
Ethnomathematics 143 II. Systems of Education Throughout
Table: Codification of Ethnomathematical the World 271
Conceptions 144 Introduction 273
Ethnoscience 150 Table: A Comparison of Children
Humanities, Arts, and Education 153 (ages 5–14) in Forced Labor,
Worker Education, Education for Number of Children Out of School,
Emancipation, and Education Unions 155 and Adult Literacy Rate of 172
Countries 275
Intellectual and Motor Development 157
Cognition and Learning: An International Africa 281
Perspective 157 Introduction 281
Basic Cognitive Functions 164 Algeria 282
Figure 1: Visual Perception: Circle 166 Table: Algeria Education 284
Figure 2: Visual Perception: Ellipse 166 Angola 285
Figure 3: Visual Perception: Cylinder 166 Table: Angola Education 286
Complex Cognitive Functions 170 Benin 287
Linguistic Development 176 Table: Benin Education 288
Levels of Intellectual Development 184 Botswana 289
Psychomotor Development 190 Table: Botswana Education 290
Quantitative Development 193 Burkina Faso 291
Figure 1: Baillargeon’s Pictures Table: Burkina Faso Education 292
of Objects On/Off the Table 194 Burundi 293
Figure 2: Grouping by Threes to the Table: Burundi Education 294
Number 17 196 Cameroon 295
Figure 3: The Task of Conservation Table: Cameroon Education 296
of Equivalent Relations 197 Central African Republic 297
Spatial Development 198 Table: Central African Republic
Education 297
Technologies and Global Education 204 Chad 298
History and Development of Technology Table: Chad Education 299
Education 204 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 300
Information and Communication Table: Democratic Republic of the
Technologies and Challenges 208 Congo Education 301
Synchronous and Asynchronous Congo, Republic of the 302
E-Learning 214 Table: Republic of the Congo
The Internet 220 Education 303
Technology in Rich and Poor Countries 223 Côte D’Ivoire 304
Technology and the Curriculum 227 Table: Côte D’Ivoire Education 305
Future of Technology 232 Djibouti 306
Table: Djibouti Education 307
Institutions of Education Throughout the Egypt 308
World 239 Table: Egypt Education 310
Global Monetary Agencies for Education 239 Equatorial Guinea 311
Global Curriculum Organizations 244 Table: Equatorial Guinea Education 312
Contents vii
Eritrea 312 Senegal 363
Table: Eritrea Education 313 Table: Senegal Education 364
Ethiopia 314 Sierra Leone 365
Table: Ethiopia Education 317 Table: Sierra Leone Education 366
Gabon 318 Somalia 367
Table: Gabon Education 319 Table: Somalia Education 368
Gambia, The 319 South Africa 369
Table: The Gambia Education 320 Table: South Africa Education 372
Ghana 321 South Sudan 372
Table: Ghana Education 322 Table: South Sudan Education 373
Guinea 323 Sudan 374
Table: Guinea Education 324 Table: Sudan Education 376
Guinea Bissau 324 Swaziland 376
Table: Guinea Bissau Education 325 Table: Swaziland Education 377
Kenya 326 Tanzania 378
Table: Kenya Education 328 Table: Tanzania Education 380
Lesotho 328 Togo 380
Table: Lesotho Education 329 Table: Togo Education 381
Liberia 330 Tunisia 382
Table: Liberia Education 331 Table: Tunisia Education 384
Libya 331 Uganda 384
Table: Libya Education 332 Table: Uganda Education 386
Madagascar 333 Western Sahara 386
Table: Madagascar Education 334 Table: Western Sahara Education 387
Malawi 335 Zambia 387
Figure 1: The Structure of Public Table: Zambia Education 389
Education in Malawi 336 Zimbabwe 389
Figure 2: Organizational Structure Table: Zimbabwe Education 391
of Malawi Ministry of Education 338
Table: Malawi Education 340 VOLUME 2
Mali 341
Table: Mali Education 342 East Asia 393
Mauritania 342 Introduction 393
Table: Mauritania Education 343 Cambodia 395
Mauritius 344 Table: Cambodia Education 397
Table: Mauritius Education 346 China, People’s Republic of 398
Morocco 346 Table: People’s Republic of China
Table: Morocco Education 348 Education 406
Mozambique 349 China, Republic of (Taiwan) 407
Table: Mozambique Education 351 Table: Taiwan Education 412
Namibia 352 Hong Kong 413
Table: Namibia Education 353 Table: Hong Kong Education 418
Niger 354 Indonesia 419
Table: Niger Education 355 Table: Indonesia Education 423
Nigeria 355 Japan 424
Table: Nigeria Education 360 Table: Japan Education 430
Rwanda 361 Korea, North 431
Table: Rwanda Education 362 Table: North Korea Education 435
viii Contents
Korea, South 436 Cyprus 517
Table: South Korea Education 440 Table: Cyprus Education 518
Laos 441 Czech Republic 518
Table: Laos Education 444 Table: Czech Republic Education 520
Malaysia 444 Denmark 521
Table: Malaysia Education 448 Table: Denmark Education 524
Mongolia 449 Finland 524
Table: Mongolia Education 452 Table: Finland Education 527
Myanmar (Burma) 453 France 528
Table: Myanmar Education 456 Table: France Education 531
Philippines 457 Germany 532
Table: Philippines Education 461 Table: Germany Education 535
Singapore 462 Greece 536
Table: Singapore Education 466 Table: Greece Education 538
Thailand 466 Hungary 539
Table: Thailand Education 470 Table: Hungary Education 541
Timor-Leste 471 Iceland 542
Table: Timor-Leste Education 475 Table: Iceland Education 544
Vietnam 476 Ireland 544
Table: Vietnam Education 480 Table: Ireland Education 547
Italy 547
Australia, New Zealand, and Melanesia 482 Table: Italy Education 550
Introduction 482 Lichtenstein 551
Australia 483 Table: Lichtenstein Education 553
Table: Australia Education 487 Luxembourg 554
Fiji 488 Table: Luxembourg Education 555
Table: Fiji Education 489 Macedonia 556
New Zealand 490 Table: Macedonia Education 557
Table: New Zealand Education 493 Monaco 558
Papua New Guinea 494 Table: Monaco Education 559
Table: Papua New Guinea Education 496 Montenegro 559
Table: Montenegro Education 561
Europe 497 Netherlands 561
Introduction 497 Table: Netherlands Education 564
Albania 497 Norway 564
Table: Albania Education 500 Table: Norway Education 567
Andorra 500 Poland 567
Table: Andorra Education 501 Table: Poland Education 569
Austria 502 Portugal 570
Table: Austria Education 504 Table: Portugal Education 572
Belgium 505 Romania 573
Table: Belgium Education 507 Table: Romania Education 575
Bosnia and Herzegovina 507 San Marino 576
Table: Bosnia and Herzegovina Education 509 Table: San Marino Education 577
Bulgaria 510 Serbia 577
Table: Bulgaria Education 511 Table: Serbia Education 579
Croatia 512 Slovakia 580
Table: Croatia Education 516 Table: Slovakia Education 581
