Table Of ContentINTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN BRITAIN
AND THE US
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In memory of M. R. D. Foot (1919–2012), SOE Historian
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INTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN
BRITAIN AND THE US
Historiography since 1945
Edited by Christopher R. Moran and
Christopher J. Murphy
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© editorial matter and organisation Christopher R. Moran and
Christopher J. Murphy, 2013
© the chapters their several authors, 2013
Edinburgh University Press Ltd
22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF
www.euppublishing.com
Typeset in 10.5/13 Minion by
Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and
printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7486 4627 2 (hardback)
ISBN 978 0 7486 7756 6 (webready PDF)
ISBN 978 0 7486 7758 0 (epub)
ISBN 978 0 7486 7757 3 (Amazon ebook)
Th e right of the contributors to be identifi ed as authors of this work has
been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
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CONTENTS
Th e Editors vii
Th e Contributors viii
List of Figures xiii
Preface by Rhodri Jeff reys-Jones xv
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction: Intelligence Studies Now and Th en 1
Christopher R. Moran and Christopher J. Murphy
PART I AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE HISTORIOGRAPHY
1 CIA History as a Cold War Battleground: Th e Forgotten First Wave
of Agency Narratives 19
Richard J. Aldrich
2 Th e Culture of Funding Culture: Th e CIA and the Congress for
Cultural Freedom 47
Eric Pullin
3 ‘Real Substance, Not Just Symbolism’? Th e CIA and the
Representation of Covert Operations in the Foreign Relations of the
United States Series 65
Matthew Jones and Paul McGarr
4 Bonum Ex Malo: Th e Value of Legacy of Ashes in Teaching CIA
History 90
Nicholas Dujmovic
5 Narrating Covert Action: Th e CIA, Historiography and the Cold War 111
Kaeten Mistry
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vi Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US
6 FBI Historiography: From Leader to Organisation 129
Melissa Graves
7 Reconceiving Realism: Intelligence Historians and the Fact/Fiction
Dichotomy 146
Simon Willmetts
8 Th e Reality is Stranger than Fiction: Anglo-American Intelligence
Cooperation from World War II through the Cold War 172
Frederick P. Hitz
PART II BRITISH INTELLIGENCE HISTORIOGRAPHY
9 A Plain Tale of Pundits, Players and Professionals: Th e
Historiography of the Great Game 183
Robert Johnson
10 No Cloaks, No Daggers: Th e Historiography of British Military
Intelligence 202
Jim Beach
11 Th e Study of Interrogation: A Focus on Torture, But What About the
Intelligence? 222
Samantha Newbery
12 Whitehall, Intelligence and Offi cial History: Editing SOE in France 236
Christopher J. Murphy
13 A Tale of Torture? Alexander Scotland, Th e London Cage and Post-
War British Secrecy 251
Daniel W. B. Lomas
14 1968 – ‘A Year to Remember’ for the Study of British Intelligence? 263
Adam D. M. Svendsen
15 Th eir Trade is Treachery: A Retrospective 281
Chapman Pincher
16 Intelligence and ‘Offi cial History’ 289
Christopher Baxter and Keith Jeff ery
Index 304
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THE EDITORS
Christopher R. Moran is an Assistant Professor of US National Security in the
Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick.
He is also a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow. Previously, he was a Research
Assistant on the AHRC-funded project ‘Landscapes of Secrecy: Th e CIA and
the Contested Record of US Foreign Policy’. In 2011, he was a Kluge Fellow
at the Library of Congress. He is the author of Classifi ed: Secrecy and the State
in Modern Britain (2012) and has published articles in International History
Review, Journal of Cold War Studies and Intelligence and National Security.
Christopher J. Murphy is a Lecturer in Intelligence in the School of Humanities,
Languages and Social Sciences at the University of Salford and Programme
Leader for the MA in Intelligence and Security Studies. He is the author of
Security and Special Operations: SOE and MI5 during the Second World War
(2006) and has published articles in Public Policy and Administration, Journal of
Contemporary History and Th e Historical Journal.
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THE CONTRIBUTORS
Richard J. Aldrich is Director of the Institute of Advanced Study at the
University of Warwick and is the author of several books, including Th e Hidden
Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2001) and GCHQ:
Th e Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency (2010). He has
spent time in Canberra and Ottawa as a Leverhulme Fellow, while working on a
study of the impact of globalisation upon intelligence services. Since September
2008, he has been leading a project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research
Council, entitled: ‘Landscapes of Secrecy: Th e Central Intelligence Agency and
the Contested Record of US Foreign Policy’.
Christopher Baxter is an Honorary Lecturer in Intelligence History at Queen’s
University, Belfast. He is the author of Th e Great Power Struggle in East Asia,
1944–50 (2009) and co-editor of Diplomats at War: British and Commonwealth
Diplomacy in Wartime (2008).
Jim Beach is Senior Lecturer in Twentieth Century History at the University of
Northampton. He has published a number of articles on British military history
during the First World War. He is Secretary of the Army Records Society and
has edited Th e Military Papers of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Cuthbert Headlam,
1910–1942.
Nicholas Dujmovic is a member of the CIA History Staff . He joined the CIA in
1990 as an analyst and later served as a speech writer for the Director of Central
Intelligence, editor of the President’s Daily Brief and a manager of analysts.
He received his PhD in 1996 from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
at Tuft s University. His unclassifi ed work on Agency operations and culture
has appeared in the Journal of Military History, Studies in Intelligence and
Intelligence and National Security. In 2004, Yale University published his collec-
tion of quotations on intelligence and espionage, Th e Literary Spy.
viii
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Th e Contributors ix
Melissa Graves serves as project coordinator and instructor at the University
of Mississippi’s (UM) Center for Intelligence and Security Studies. She helped
design and implement the Days of Intrigue – a realistic practical exercise con-
ducted yearly at UM, involving participation from numerous intelligence agen-
cies. She is also co-author of the textbook Introduction to Intelligence Studies
(2012). She is presently pursuing a PhD in history. Ms Graves has been admitted
to the Bars of Texas and Washington.
Frederick P. Hitz is an Adjunct Professor at the Frank Batten School of
Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia. He is also a Senior
Fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law and an
adjunct Professor at the University of Virginia, School of Law. From 1998 to
2006, he was a lecturer at the Woodrow Wilson School of Princeton University
and, from 1999 to 2000, he held the Weinberg/Goldman Sachs Professorship
of International Aff airs. From 1967 to 1998, he served extensively in the CIA
in the Clandestine Service, as Legislative Counsel to the Director of Central
Intelligence and as Deputy Director for Europe in the Directorate of Operations.
He was appointed the fi rst statutory Inspector General of the CIA by President
George H. W. Bush and served in that capacity from 1990 to 1998, when he
retired. He was awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal in 1998 and
received a Resolution of Commendation from the US Senate upon the fi ft h
anniversary of his tenure as Inspector General in 1995. Among the many
investigations he led at the CIA was the Aldrich Ames betrayal. He has written
extensively about espionage and intelligence issues, including Th e Great Game:
Th e Myth and Reality of Espionage (2004) and Why Spy? Espionage in an Era
of Uncertainty (2008). He is a graduate of Harvard Law School and Princeton
University.
Keith Jeff ery is Professor of British History at Queen’s University, Belfast, and a
Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Among his books are Ireland and the Great
War (2000), Th e GPO and the Easter Rising (2006), Field Marshal Sir Henry
Wilson: A Political Soldier (2008) and MI6: Th e History of the Secret Intelligence
Service 1909–1949 (2011).
Rhodri Jeff reys-Jones took his history PhD at Cambridge University. He is
an Emeritus Professor of history at the University of Edinburgh and honorary
president of the Scottish Association for the Study of America. His publications
are evenly divided between American history and the history of intelligence. Th ey
include Th e CIA and American Democracy (1989) and Th e FBI: A History (2007).
His next books will be Th e American Left : Its Impact on Politics and Society Since
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