Integrated Broadband Communication Networks and Services. Proceedings of the IFIP Tc6/iccc International Conference on Integrated Broadband Communication Networks and Services, Copenhagen, Denmark, 20–23 April, 1993

454 Pages·1994·23.69 MB·English

by  Ifip Tc6

IFIP Transactions C:
Communication Systems
m
International Federation for Information Processing
Technical Committee 6
Communication Systems
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The IFIP Transactions Editorial Policy Board is responsible for the overall scientific
quality of the IFIP Transactions through a stringent review and selection process.
Chairman 0. Spaniol (TC6)
G.J. Morris, UK P. Thoft-Christensen (TC7)
Members G.B. Davis (TC8)
D. Khakhar, Sweden K. Brunnstein (TC9)
Lee Poh Aun, Malaysia E. Hörbst (TC10)
M. Tienari, Finland W.J.Caelli (TC11)
P.C. Poole (TC2) R. Meersman (TC12)
P. Bollerslev (TC3) B. Shackel (TC13)
T. Mikami (TC5) J.Gruska (SG14)
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C-18
INTEGRATED
BROADBAND
COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
AND SERVICES
Proceedings of the IFIP TC6/ICCC International Conference on
Integrated Broadband Communication Networks and Services
Copenhagen, Denmark, 20-23 April, 1993
Edited by
VILLYB. IVERSEN
Institute of Telecommunications
Technical University of Denmark
Lyngby, Denmark
1994
NORTH-HOLLAND
AMSTERDAM · LONDON · NEW YORK · TOKYO
ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.
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Keywords are chosen from the ACM Computing Reviews Classification System, ©1991, with permission.
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ISBN: 0 444 81584 8
ISSN: 0926-549X
© 1994 IFIP. All rights reserved.
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pp. 383-394: Copyright not transferred.
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ν
P R E F A CE
IBCN &S — The International Conference on Integrated Broadband
Communications and Networks was held in Copenhagen April 20-23 1993.
The conference was organized by ICCC and IFIP-TC6. It was fully dedicated
to the subject of Broadband Communications, recognizing the importance of
this item in shaping the future telecommunication network.
The proceedings contain papers of permanent value, selected among the
papers presented at conference. The papers cover key items concerning re-
search, development and applications in Broadband Communications all over
the world.
The Conference proceedings present ideas and experience of value, both
for operators and users, and for research and development, and both from a
technical and a business point of view.
The program was the result of the work of the members of the technical
committee and the referees. The conference is made possible by the sponsor-
ing organizations ICCC and IFIP, the host KTAS (Copenhagen Telephone
Co.), and the conference sponsors.
Villy Baek Iversen
vii
Conference Board:
J. Arnbak ICCC Conference Governor
J. Lindegaard Copenhagen Telephone Co.
0. Spaniol Chairman IFIP-TC6
International Advisory Committee
E.J. Boutmy, The Netherlands 0. Martikainen, Finland
K. Boyanov, Bulgaria K. Ono, Japan
F. Eliassen, Norway L. Pouzin, France
F. Kamoun Tunesia J. Puzman, Czechoslovakia
L. Fratta Italy P. Radford, UK
J. Granado Portugal S. Ramani, India
P.P. Gupta India R.P. Uhlig, USA
P. Verbeeck Belgium C. Rindorf, Denmark
T. Housley Australia H. Rudin, Switzerland
S.-H. Kyong Korea T. Szentivanyi, Hungary
X.-J. Liang China L.M.R. Tarouco, Brazil
Program Committee
J. Arnbak, The Netherlands J. Johansen, Denmark
A. Casaca, Portugal D. Khakhar, Sweden
J.P. Coudreuse, France Κ. Κ vols, Denmark
S. Fredslund, Denmark U. K0rner, Sweden
E. Lorenz-Pedersen, Denmark P. Kuehn, Germany
R. Haugen, Norway A. Bohn Nielsen, Denmark
P. Heuer, Germany P. Schicker, Switzerland
V.B. Iversen, Denmark (Chairman) B. Veir0, Denmark
E. Nicolaisen, Denmark P.K. Verma, USA
Organizing Committee
P. Ibsen (Chairman) Κ. Andersen
V.B. Iversen Κ. Linder
Y. Liu H.H. Stilling
B. Urbild K. Madsen
viii
Sponsors
• IFIP Technical Committee 6 - Communication Systems
• ICCC - International Computer Communication Conference
Supporters
• KTAS - Copenhagen Telephone Company
• Siemens
• IBM
• Ericssoni
• Dansk Dataforening
ix
L I ST OF R E F E R E ES
Â. Arvidsson Y. Liu
J. Andrade J. Lubacz
S. Blaabjerg T. Meuser
U. Briem A.M. M0ller
A. Casaca E. Nicolaisen
J. Charzinski A. Bohn Nielsen
H. Christiansen A.P. Nielsen
P. Davids B. Friis Nielsen
L. Dittmann K. Ni vert
R. Dittmann I. Norros
S. Fredslund M.S. Nunes
A. Gravey C. Nyberg
R. Griffiths J.A.M. Nyhof
0. Gropp A.R. Pach
R.B. Haugen S. M0ller Pedersen
G. Hebuterne E. Lorenz Petersen
B. Heinrichs M. Pioro
0. Hermanns L. Reneby
P. Heuer T. Renger
F. Hübner J. Roberts
P.T. Huth T. Rydén
V.B. Iversen J.M. Salles
J. Johansen K.E. Skouby
K. Jakobs 0. Spaniol
K. Kilkki T. Theimer
U. Körner A. Tonietti
U.R. Krieger B. Veir0
P.J. Kühn M. Villen-Altamirano
0. Kure J.T. Virtamo
K. Kvols B. Wallström
K. Lindberger 0. 0sterb0
Integrated Broadband Communication Networks
and Services (C-18) / V.B. Wersen (Editor)
Elsevier Science B.V (North-Holland) 1
© 1994 IFIP. All rights reserved.
The Evolution of High Performance Networking:
Driving Forces and Handicaps
Otto SPANIOL
Computer Science Department, Aachen University of Technology; Aachen (Germany).
Electronic mail address: [email protected]
1. The Evolution of High Performance Networking
The Evolution of High Performance Networks may be characterized by the motto of the Olympic
games, i.e. by "Citius, Altius, Fortius". The reason for this comparison is that the characteristics
of successive types of so called high-performance networks are in good accordance to this motto.
In order to justify that claim let's consider some properties of successive network generations:
Generation 1 High-Speed Networks (Citius, i.e. "faster").
First high-speed networks had very limited applications. There were basically conceived in
order to provide a suitable transport facility (subject to throughput requirements) for a few
specialized stations, e.g. supercomputers. High-speed networks don't really deserve their name
since obviously the transmission speed (per bit) is not increased at all; this parameter is
governed by the speed of light and can hardly be improved.
Generation 2 High-Capacity Networking (Altius, i.e. "higher in capacity").
The second generation of broadband networks concentrated more on application and already
to some extent on service integration. Most networks of this kind are intended to be 'backbone'
networks, i.e. they served as a backbone facility in order to interconnect many local networks
(LAN). Usually, those backbones deliver incoming messages in the same format to the
destination network as they have been presented by the source LAN. Thus, communication is
mainly limited to stations which are connected to subnetworks of the same kind.
Capacity of connections is the most important parameter: whereas the speed of a single bit may
be even lower than for conventional networks the time to deliver a whole message is
significantly reduced due to the increased "bits per second" facility of the networks.
Generation 3 High-Performance Networking (Fortius, i.e. "stronger" or "better").
In a more mature state we will have a coexistence and a cooperation of several types of high
capacity networks such as Metropolitan Area Networks or Broadband ISDN systems based on
ATM technology (see [HH91]). A variety of services will be offered (voice, video, file
transfer, interactive data, mail etc.) which are suitable for different capacity requirements.
Multi-media systems will be based on the availability of both new networks and new services.
2
2. Driving Forces for High Performance Networking
2.1. Technology and Feasability
The continuous progress in networking has ever been and still is technology driven. The
networking area in particular takers profit from new components which become available at
affordable prices. Such developments include but are not limited to:
performance imcrease of microprocessors
availability of fiber optics
efficiency improvement by increased use of parallelism.
The area of 'high speed' (or better 'high capacity') networking, like many other areas, may be
divided into three sections which could be characterized
by: "small" "medium" "large"
or alternatively by: "yesterday" "today" "tomorrow"
or even by: "everybodys darling" "risky but feasible" "speculations".
The interpretation of'small', 'medium' and 'large' is rapidly changing; that is to say that 'high speed'
is very likely to be considered as 'medium speed' in five years from now and probably as 'very
moderate speed' in ten years from now. We have seen a lot of similar changes for example in the
area of processors where the performance of a former mainframe is now significantly lower than
the performance of a small modern workstation.
As of today the first networking area deals with the medium speed range (10 Megabit per
seconde) which is now very well established and accepted by everybody and for which a lot of
products are beginning to produce the expected results.
The second area is the high speed range (i.e. a capacity range of approximately 100 Megabit per
second) where the standards and the products are coming and where the integration begins. This
will, as usual, last for some years before reaching the intended price figures (if the product
'survives' this period; it may very well be overtaken by new announcements!) and the required
stability of operation which will be necessary for reaching a wide acceptance.
From the user point of view it is obvious that experience in the 100 Megabit per second range is
still very limited and early efforts of deployment have been sometimes rather painful. But the trend
is clear and the stabilization of the standards makes us confident in an evolution which will follow
the pace of the Ethernet deployment ten years ago. Indeed, we have good arguments to believe
that the following 'equations' are not unrealistic:
FDDI = Ethernet + 10 (years)
or even more speculative:
ATM = FDDI +10 (years).
This results in a feeling that in the networking area we shall observe some shortened 'Kondratieff
cycles' and that developments which happen to appear between two successive peaks take a risk
of not being very successful. This might happen for example in the case of DQDB systems which
have been in the center of interest a few years ago. Their importance in the research, discussion
and installation arena, however, seems to diminish or to disappear (take a look into some recent
proceedings volumes!) or to be merely reduced to a mathematical exercise of some unfairness
aspects. A rather malicious interpretation could say that the impact of those systems was not much
more than the support for some dozens or even hundreds of PhD thesises.
3
The third area is the very high speed range, from 1 Gigabit/sec up, which is today a research area.
Even if the 100 Megabit per second range is not yet stabilized, there is a lot of efforts going on
already in the Gigabit and the Terabit ranges where many claims have still to be considered as
remote dreams.
2.2. Applications (graphics, vireo, multimedia systems etc.)
Apart from 'purely technological reasons' we may identify a driving force towards new networks
by a lot of new applications which might be meaningful for a large community but which cannot
be supported by conventional networks as of today. In most cases, this situation is valid for
requirements which are based on graphics or video. The problem with 'classical' networks is that
they offer more than enough capacity for applications which may be characterized by 'data' but
that, on the other hand, those networks have a very poor and largely insufficient performance for
everything which has to do with image transmission. Thus, there is a need for very powerful
broadband network. This driving force will become successful, however, only if the user may be
convinced that he really needs and may afford the new facility. Some of the actual demonstrators
of multimedia systems are not really convincing in that respect - and some newly established
research and development projects have less difficulties for defining and reaching their intended
technical aims than for finding enough user groups who need the upcoming system and who are
prepared to pay for it.
2.3. Positive experiences gained from local networks (the Ethernet story)
The willingness to consider new networking concept is considerably improved by a lot of positive
experiences which have been made by very different groups. This is best demonstrated by the
Ethernet story: After a rather difficult start (due to insufficient availability of products, due to
unrealistic prices for components, due to missing experience etc.) the Ethernet concept has
become the clear winner within the 10 Mbit/sec range. Some important reasons for that success
(apart from its technical suitability) have been:
- the relative easiness of installing and operating of the network (even by nonspecialized people)
- the dramatic price reduction of components
- the inclusion of Ethernet interfaces as a standard feature within many workstation types
- the availability of the general concept in several versions (yellow cable, cheapernet, twisted
pair, broadband, optical star,...); thus, for almost every need there was a suitable installation
strategy which satisfied the requirements
- and, last but not least, the increasing community of users! Indeed, it is always very helpful or
even necessary for 'cautious' users to see a lot of others who make a decision for the same
concept Whereas the imitation of strategies made by other institutions might be considered as
boring or not really brilliant, we may observe a lot of positive aspects. The imitator will
undoubtedly profit from price reduction and may avoid the mistakes made by the early
installations. Moreover, the decision to join a large community is always on the safe side: If
everything goes clear then the members of the community may congratulate each other for the
success; if something goes wrong the unavoidable criticism will be easier to survive by
demonstrating that a lot of other people are in the same situation, i.e. that those people made
the same mistake and that, therefore, the decision maker cannot be considered as guilty.