Infochemistry: Information Processing at the Nanoscale

478 Pages·2012·6.014 MB·English

by  Konrad Szacilowski(auth.)

Infochemistry
Infochemistry
Information Processing
at the Nanoscale
Konrad Szaciłowski
Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University
of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland and
Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krako´w, Poland
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Szacilowski,Konrad.
Infochemistry:informationprocessingatthenanoscale/KonradSzacilowski.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-71072-2(hardback)
1. Molecularcomputers. I. Title.
QA76.887.S932012
6200.5—dc23
2012007002
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
HBISBN:9780470710722
Setin10/12ptTimesRomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
For Bela, Maria and Marek, with love
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 IntroductiontotheTheoryofInformation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 DefinitionandPropertiesofInformation 2
1.3 PrinciplesofBooleanAlgebra 4
1.4 DigitalInformationProcessingandLogicGates 7
1.4.1 SimpleLogicGates 7
1.4.2 ConcatenatedLogicCircuits 10
1.4.3 SequentialLogicCircuits 11
1.5 TernaryandHigherLogicCalculi 14
1.6 IrreversiblevsReversibleLogic 16
1.7 QuantumLogic 18
References 20
2 PhysicalandTechnologicalLimitsofClassicalElectronics 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 FundamentalLimitationsofInformationProcessing 24
2.3 TechnologicalLimitsofMiniaturization 27
References 34
3 ChangingtheParadigm:TowardsComputationwithMolecules 37
References 53
4 Low-DimensionalMetalsandSemiconductors 63
4.1 DimensionalityandMorphologyofNanostructures 63
4.2 ElectricalandOpticalPropertiesofNanoobjectsandNanostructures 70
4.2.1 Metals 70
4.2.2 Semiconductors 84
4.3 MolecularScaleEngineeringofSemiconductingSurfaces 96
4.3.1 Semiconductor–MoleculeInteractions 100
4.3.2 ElectronicCouplingbetweenSemiconducting
SurfacesandAdsorbates 103
References 109
viii Contents
5 CarbonNanostructures 119
5.1 NanoformsofCarbon 119
5.2 ElectronicStructureandPropertiesofGraphene 120
5.3 CarbonNanotubes 129
5.4 ConjugatedandPolyaromaticSystems 139
5.5 NanocarbonandOrganicSemiconductorDevices 149
References 156
6 PhotoelectrochemicalPhotocurrentSwitchingandRelatedPhenomena 165
6.1 PhotocurrentGenerationandSwitchinginNeatSemiconductors 165
6.2 PhotocurrentSwitchinginMIMOrganicDevices 168
6.3 PhotocurrentSwitchinginSemiconductingComposites 178
6.4 PhotocurrentSwitchinginSurface-ModifiedSemiconductors 181
References 192
7 Self-OrganizationandSelf-AssemblyinSupramolecularSystems 199
7.1 SupramolecularAssembly:TowardsMolecularDevices 199
7.2 Self-AssembledSemiconductingStructures 201
7.3 Self-AssemblyatSolidInterfaces 210
7.4 ControllingSelf-AssemblyofNanoparticles 212
7.5 Self-AssemblyandMolecularElectronics 215
References 219
8 Molecular-ScaleElectronics 225
8.1 ElectronTransferandMolecularJunctions 225
8.2 NanoscaleElectromagnetism 232
8.3 MolecularRectifiers 238
References 246
9 MolecularLogicGates 249
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 ChemicallyDrivenLogicGates 249
9.2.1 ORGates 252
9.2.2 ANDGates 255
9.2.3 XORGates 267
9.2.4 INHGates 272
9.2.5 IMPGates 281
9.2.6 InvertedLogicGates(NOR,NAND,XNOR) 283
9.2.7 BehindClassicalBooleanScheme-Ternary
LogicandFeynmanGate 289
9.3 All-OpticalLogicGates 298
9.4 ElectrochemicalLogicSystems 307
References 315
Contents ix
10 MolecularComputingSystems 323
10.1 Introduction 323
10.2 ReconfigurableandSuperimposedMolecularLogicDevices 323
10.3 ConcatenatedChemicalLogicSystems 337
10.4 Molecular-ScaleDigitalCommunication 353
10.4.1 MultiplexersandDemultiplexers 354
10.4.2 EncodersandDecoders 355
10.4.3 Molecular-ScaleSignalAmplification 359
10.5 MolecularArithmetics:AddersandSubtractors 363
10.5.1 Molecular-ScaleHalf-Adders 363
10.5.2 Molecular-ScaleHalf-Subtractors 372
10.5.3 Half-Adders/Half-Subtractors 381
10.5.4 FullAddersandFullSubtractors:Towards
MolecularProcessors 382
10.6 Molecular-ScaleSecuritySystems 386
10.7 NoiseandErrorPropagationinConcatenatedSystems 396
References 398
11 BioinspiredandBiomimeticLogicDevices 405
11.1 InformationProcessinginNaturalSystems 405
11.2 Protein-BasedDigitalSystems 408
11.2.1 EnzymesasInformationProcessingMolecules 409
11.2.2 EnzymesasInformationCarriers 428
11.3 BinaryLogicDevicesbasedonNucleicAcids 430
11.4 LogicDevicesBasedonWholeOrganisms 445
References 450
12 ConcludingRemarksandFutureProspects 457
References 458
Index 461
Preface:
Why “Infochemistry”?
‘Itisaverysadthingthatnowadaysthereissolittleuselessinformation.’
OscarWilde
Formanypeople,informationprocessingusingmoleculesseemsakindofsciencefic-
tion. It is hard to imagine fancy netbooks, palmtops and other smart electronic gadgets
replacedbyjarsofsnot-likeliquidorothergebuzina1.Ontheotherhandeachofuscarry
themostpowerfulinformationprocessing“device”thatcanbefoundanywhere:thebrain.
At this moment and in any foreseeable future, mimicking our brains with any artificial
systemsofanykindseemsimpossible.However,weshouldkeeptryingtoforcemolecu-
larsystemstocompute.Whilewewillnotbeabletobuildpowerfulsystems,allthiseffort
can serendipitously yield some other valuable results and technologies. And even if not,
the combination of chemistry and information theory paves an exciting path to follow.
ThereisaquoteattributedtoRichardP.Feymansaying:“Physicsislikesex.Sure,itmay
givesomepracticalresults,butthat’snotwhywedoit”.Withinfochemistryisitexactly
thesame!
WhenapproximatelyhalfofthemanuscriptwasreadyIrealizedthatitwasgoingtobe
almost a “useless” book. For most chemists it may be hard to follow due to the large
amountofelectronicscontent,whileforelectronicengineersthereisfartoomuchchem-
istryinit.Andbothfields,alongwithsolid-statephysics, aretreatedrathersuperficially,
but are spiced with a handful of heavy mathematics and a couple of buckets of weird
organicstructures.ButthenIfoundthatratheroptimisticsentencebyOscarWildewhich
motivatedmetocompletethiswork.
This book treats the interface between chemistry and information sciences. There are
otherbookswhichcanbelocatedinthisfield,includingmyfavouritesIdeasofQuantum
Chemistry by Lucjan Piela and Information Theory of Molecular Systems by Roman F.
Nalewajski.InmybookIhavetriedtoshowhowdiversepropertiesofchemicalsystems
can be used for the implementation of Boolean algebraic operations. The book can be
divided into three main sections. The first section (Chapters 1–3) explores the basic
1(Slovak)unidentifieddisgustingsemi-liquidsubstanceofunpleasantsmell,swill
xii Preface
principles of the theory of information, the physical and technological limits of
semiconductor-based electronics and some alternative approaches to digital computing.
Thenextsection(Chapters4–8)isintendedtoshowhowthepropertiesofmaterialscom-
monly used in classical electronics are modified at the nanoscale, what happens at the
molecule/semiconductorinterfaceandhowthesephenomenacanbeusedforinformation
processing purposes. Finally, the last section (Chapters 9–11) are (I hope) a comprehen-
sive review of almost all molecular logic systems described in the chemical literature
from 1993 (the seminal Nature paper by Amilra Prasanna de Silva) to November 2011,
whenmy“ ”2wasover.
2AnoriginaltitleofanovelbyAlekseyNikolayevichTolstoy.Thetitlewastranslatedas“TheRoad
toCalvary”,butitsliteralmeaningisrather“walkingthroughtorments”.
Acknowledgements
IwouldliketothankmywifeBelaandkidsMariaandMarekfortheirpatience,helpand
support during the preparation of this manuscript. Without their love and understanding
thisbookcouldnothavebeenwritten.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my teachers and mentors for their efforts
anddevotion.FirstofallIshouldmentionmygrandfatherStefanPolus,whoshowedme
the wonderful world of electronics, my PhD supervisor Professor Zofia Stasicka, who
introduced me to the realm of inorganic photochemistry and my postdoctoral mentor,
Professor John F. Endicott who taught me careful data analysis and skepticism. Large
partsofthisbookwerewrittenatTheFacultyofNon-FerrousMetals,AGHUniversityof
Science andTechnology. ThereforeIaddressmythankstothe Deanofthe Faculty, Pro-
fessorKrzysztofFitznerforhispatienceandsupport.
This book could not have been written without financial support. Most of the manu-
script was prepared with support from AGH-USTwithin contract No. 11.11.180.509/11.
Manyresultspresentedinthisbookwereobtainedwithinseveralresearchprojectsfunded
byThePolishMinistryofScienceandHigherEducation(grantsNos.1609/B/H03/2009/
36, 0117/B/H03/2010/38 and PB1283/T09/2005/29), The National Centre for Research
and Development (grant No. NCBiR/ENIAC-2009-1/1/2010), The European Nanoelec-
tronics Initiative Advisory Council JU ENIAC (Project MERCURE, contract No.
120122) and The European Regional Development Fund under the InnovativeEconomy
Operational Programme (grant No. 01.01.02-00-015/09-00), both at The Faculty of
Chemistry,JagiellonianUniversityandTheFacultyofNon-FerrousMetals,AGHUniver-
sityofScienceandTechnology.
LastbutnotleastIwouldliketothankmycopy-editorJoTyszkaandtheWileyedito-
rialandproductionteam:RebeccaStubbs,EmmaStrickland,SarahTilley,RichardDav-
ies,TanushreeMathurandAbhishanSharma.
Thankyou!