Table Of ContentIMMUNOLOGIC PHYLOGENY
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back State University of New York at Buffalo
N. R. DiLuzio Tulane University School of Medicine
Bernard Halpern College de France and Institute of Immuno·Biology
Ephraim Katchalski The W ei:mann Institute of Science
David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute
Abel Lajtha New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
Rodolfo Paoletti University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 55
CONCANAVALIN A
Edited by Tushar K. Chowdhury and A. Kurt Weiss • 1975
Volume 56
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF ETHANOL
Edited by Edward Majchrowicz • 1975
Volume 57
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE ARTERY
Edited by Stewart Wolf and Nicholas T. Werthessen • 1975
Vo1ume58
CYTOCHROMES P-450 and b5: Structure, Function, and Interaction
Edited by David Y. Cooper, Otto Rosenthal, Robert Snyder,
and Charlotte Witmer • 1975
Volume 59
ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL: Experimental Studies II
Edited by Milton M. Gross • 1975
Volume60
DIET AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Edited by Cesare Sirtori, Giorgio Ricci, and Sergio Gorini • 1975
Volume 61
EXPLORATIONS IN AGING
Edited by Vincent J. Cristofalo, Jay Roberts, and Richard C.
Adelman • 1975
Volume 62
CONTROL MECHANISMS IN DEVELOPMENT: Activation, Differentiation,
and Modulation in Biological Systems
Edited by Russel H. Meints and Eric Davies • 1975
Volume 63
LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS, AND DRUGS
Edited by David Kritchevsky, Rodolfo Paoletti, and
William L. Holmes • 1975
Volume 64
IMMUNOLOGIC PHYLOGENY
Edited by W. H. Hildemann and A. A. Benedict • 1975
Volume 65
DILEMMAS IN DIABETES
Edited by Stewart Wolf and Beatrice Bishop Berle • 1975
IMMUNOLOGIC PHYLOGENY
Edited by
W. H. Hildemann
Hilo College
University of Hawaii
Hilo, Hawaii
and
A. A. Benedict
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Conference on Immunologic Phylogeny, University of Hawaii, 1975.
Immunologic phylogeny.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 64)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. lmmunotaxonomy-Congresses. 2. Immunology, Comparative-Congresses. I.
Hildemann, W. H., 1927- II. Benedict, Albert Alfred, 1921- III. Hawaii.
University. IV. Title. V. Series.
QR183.8.157 1975 591.2'9 75-35524
ISBN 978-1-4684-3263-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-3261-9 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-3261-9
Proceedings of the International Conference on Immunologic Phylogeny
held at the University of Hawaii, Manoa and Hilo campuses, June ll-14, 1975
© 1975 Springer Science+ Business Media New York
Originally Published by Plenum Press, New York in 1975
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
There are two now classic reasons for the widespread and con
tinuing interest in the phylogeny of immune reactivities and
structure. First is the fundamental concern of biologists with the
evolution of defense mechanisms. We are eager to discover origins,
mechanisms, and adaptive specializations of immunocompetence because
the very existence of individuals and entire species is involved in
a most essential way. Second is the strong biomedical interest in
adaptive immune mechanisms to increase understanding of health and
disease in man. If man and placental mammals represent the quin
tessence of immunoresponsiveness with complex interdependent path
ways, the less elaborate but fully functional systems of immunity
in "lower" animals proffer insights applicable to immediate con
cerns in medicine. Recent approaches to organ transplantation,
immunotherapy of cancer and repair of immunodeficiency diseases, to
name just a few areas, have depended greatly on phylogenetic per
spectives. In a larger sense, intelligent wildlife conservation,
utilization of food resources, and adequate environmental protection
all hinge on knowing how diverse species survive or otherwise suc
cumb to insults, injuries, and disease.
The phylogenetic immunologist also seeks detailed information
on the structure of the immunoglobulins which relates directly to
the evolutionary history of living animals. Perhaps genetic mech
anisms responsible for the evolution of these proteins may be re
vealed as spin-off information. The vast number of immunoglobulin
specificities and effector structures, coupled with the remarkable
phylogenetic conservation of certain polypeptide regions, makes
these molecules especially useful to protein chemists as well as
immunologists.
Although many still talk glibly about higher and lower animals
as if a hierarchy of superior versus relatively inferior functions
were being classified, the immunologic phylogeneticist already knows
better. The lower animals, including invertebrates of course, have a
much longer history of coping successfully with a myriad of poten
tially infectious and pathogenic agents in every conceivable habitat.
v
vi PREFACE
Several major new insights are emerging from studies presented at
this conference on Immunologic Phylogeny. Different levels of
recognition and reaction to foreign agents are now discernible in
phylogenetic progression all the way from coelenterates to mammals.
The immune systems of advanced vertebrates may represent highly
specialized versions of more general systems of receptors and
mediators. Recent findings summarized in this monograph indicate
that immunologic specificity and memory may both be viewed as
adaptively evolving characteristics.
Cell-mediated immunity associated with so-called T-cell func
tions is evident in advanced invertebrates and surely precedes in
phylogeny the B-cell immunoglobulin production first detectable in
primitive fishes. Integrated cellular and humoral antibody immu
nity as shown by helper T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte cooperation
is demonstrable in advanced bony fishes. At this level, two dis
tinct molecular classes of immunoglobulins are also first discern
ible. Much still remains to be discovered about the structure and
functions of vertebrate antibodies. At the level of primitive
fishes (i.e., cyclostomes or agnathans), even the essential poly
peptide composition of the apparently singular immunoglobulin re
mains in doubt. Indeed, the homology of non-mammalian immunoglobu
lins to those of mammals cannot be made until covalent structures
are revealed.
Complex immunoregulation now being extensively studied in
certain birds and mammals appears to depend upon selective synthesis
of multiple molecular classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins.
Parallel specialization of T-cell functions may also be character
istic of these advanced vertebrates. However, earlier manifesta
tions of immunoreactivity (e.g., mitogen and allogeneic responsive
ness, transplantation immunity, tumor immunity) seem to have been
retained during progressive evolution and diversification of im
munocyte functions. Although the generalization that invertebrates
lack specific immunologic capability must now be rejected, assump
tion of a continuous phylogenetic progression in imm~ne mechanisms
extending from primitive invertebrates to advanced vertebrates is
surely debatable. Many information gaps remain at all levels of
phylogeny!
The immunologic phylogenist or phylogenetic immunologist in
1975 retains two unusual joys as a biological scientist. First is
the realization that many orders, classes, and even whole phyla of
animals have yet to be studied in any detail by anyone. In other
words, it is not too late to become a "founding father" - to put
forward and test quite new hypotheses. Second is the realization
that with so few workers studying the immunocompetence of any
unusual species or group, one can truly enjoy his research with
little worry of someone else publishing first on the same topic.
PREFACE vii
Maybe this is why participants at this conference have been so
friendly and communicative. For many of us, this realm of experi
mental biology is still more pleasure than work.
Finally, the international flavor of the University of Hawaii/
East-West Center surrounded by an ocean rich with "lower" animals
was a most appropriate setting for this conference. We are grate
ful to the East-West Center for use of their fine facilities and to
the University of Hawaii Graduate Division for the generous support
given to the conference.
A. A. Benedict
University of Hawaii at Manoa
W. H. Hildemann
University of Hawaii at Hilo
June, 1975
Contents
INVERTEBRATE IMMUNOLOGY
Heterophile Precipitins, Protectins,
and Agglutinins
Tridacnin, a Potent Antigalactan Precipitin from
the Hemolymph of Tridacma maxima 3
B. A. Baldo and G. Uhlenbruck
Anti-Galactan Precipitins in the Hemolymph of
Tridacma maxima and LimuZus poZyphemus 13
E. Cohen, B. A. Baldo, and G. Uhlenbruck
Protectins in Argentine Mollusks: Immunological
and Immunochemical Aspects 19
M. Palatnik, G. R. Vasta, N. E. Fink, and
M. E. Chiesa
Immunologic Significance of Specificities of
Cellular Agglutinins of LimuZus poZyphemus 29
E. Cohen
Cell Surface Receptors and Recognition Factors
Some Specific Aspects of Cell-Surface Recognition
by Sipunculid Coelomocytes • • • • • • • 35
J. E. Cushing and D. K. Boraker
Response of Earthworm Leukocytes to Concanavalin
A and Transplantation Antigens 45
Ph. Roch, P. Valembois, and L. Du Pasquier
Recognition Factors of the Crayfish and the
Generation of Diversity • • • • • • 55
C. R. Jenkin and D. Hardy
ix
X CONTENTS
Immunodiscrimination and Integrity of Metazoans
Endosymbiosis and Cellular Tolerance in the
Hawaiian Soft Coral SarcotheZia
edmondsoni Verrill • • • • • • 69
E. H. Mercer and A. P. Singh
Hard Tissue Tumors of Scleractinian Corals • • • • • • • • 77
D. P. Cheney
The Discriminatory Capacity of Phagocytic
Cells in the Chiton (LioZophura
gaimardi) • • • • • • • . • • • • 89
R. Crichton and K. J. Lafferty
Allogeneic Incompatibility and Transplantation
Immunity
Direct Evidence of Heterolysis of Gorgonian
Target Cells • • • • • • • • • • 101
J. L. Theodor and J. Carriere
Immunoincompatibility Reactions in Corals
(Coelenterata) • • • • • 105
W. H. Hildemann, D. S. Linthicum, and
D. C. Vann
Allogeneic Distinction in BotryZZus primigenus
and in Other Colonial Ascidians • • • 115
K. Tanaka
Primordial Cell-Mediated Immunity and Memory
Characteristics of Cell-Mediated Immunity
and Memory in Annelids 127
E. L. Cooper
Specific Rejection of Integumentary Allografts
by the Sea Star Dermasterias imbricata 137
R. D. Karp and W. H. Hildemann
VERTEBRATE IMMUNOLOGY
Structure and Functions of Antibodies
Preliminary Structural Characterization of
Pacific Hagfish Immunoglobulin 151
A. De Ioannes and W. H. Hildemann
