Imitation in International Relations: Observational Learning, Analogies and Foreign Policy in Russia and Ukraine

185 Pages·2005·1.51 MB·English

by  Benjamin Goldsmith

BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page i
mitation in nternational
I I
elations
R
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page ii
This page intentionally left blank
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page iii
mitation in nternational
I I
elations
R
bservational earning, nalogies,
O L A
and oreign olicy in ussia and
F P R
kraine
U
Benjamin E. Goldsmith
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page iv
IMITATIONININTERNATIONALRELATIONS
© Benjamin E.Goldsmith,2005.
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2005 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom
and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN 1–4039–6780–6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goldsmith,Benjamin E.
Imitation in international relations :observational learning,analogies,and
foreign policy in Russia and Ukraine / Benjamin E.Goldsmith.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–6780–6
1.Russia (Federation)—Foreign relations—1991– 2.Ukraine—Foreign
relations—1991– 3.Russia (Federation)—Politics and government—1991–
4.Ukraine—Politics and Government—1991– 5.Imitation.6.International
relations.I.Title.
DK510.764.G65 2004
327.47(cid:1)009(cid:1)049—dc22 2004049007
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:February 2005
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
This book is dedicated with love to my son, Max
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page vi
This page intentionally left blank
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page vii
ontents
C
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
Learning and Preferences 2
Imitation 3
Theoretical Goals of the Study 4
The Example of Japan 5
Ukraine and Russia as Case Studies 7
What is a “Formative” Event? 11
Quixotic Westernizer? 11
Why Focus on Analogies? 12
Policy Relevance 13
Outline of the Book 14
2 Choice, Learning, and Foreign Policy 17
Choice, Learning, and Foreign Policy 18
Choice 18
Learning 21
Foreign Policy 23
The Comparative Study of Foreign Policy 24
Foreign Policy and International Relations 28
Organizations and Decisions: The State as an Actor 30
3 A Theory of Imitation in Foreign Policy 35
Propositions about Foreign Policy Learning 38
Hypotheses to be Tested 39
Research Design 40
BENJ_FM.qxd 1/11/04 3:35 PM Page viii
viii Contents
Preferences for Absolute or Relative Gains
across Issue Areas 42
Control Variables 44
4 Are Elites Influenced by Foreign Analogies? 47
The Data 47
Do Elites Imitate?: Analogies and Policy Choice 49
Testing the Seven Hypotheses 49
The Power of Imitation 59
Conclusions 60
5 State-Level Effects on Elite Imitation 63
The Ukrainian Schema 64
The Russian Schema 66
Comparing Ukraine and Russia 67
Analogy Use During and After the Formative Period 71
Dropping “OF” 74
Conclusions 76
6 Case Studies: Foreign Capital and “Strategic”
Enterprise Privatization 77
The Politics of Privatization and Foreign Investment 78
Economic Reforms in Ukraine and Russia, 1991–1999 79
Foreign Investment in Major Enterprises 83
Case 1: Ukraine 83
Case 2: Russia 88
Discussion 95
Evidence of Elite Schemata in Ukraine and Russia 101
Conclusion 107
7 Conclusions: Imitation and Transition in International Relations 111
Hawks, Doves, Owls, and Mocking Birds 111
Major Findings 111
Implications for Foreign Policy Decision Making 113
Implications for Foreign Aid Policies 114
Does the Japanese Example Fit the Theory? 116
Theoretical Implications 117
A Systemic Perspective 118
Failure, Luck, and Wisdom 120
BENJ_FM.qxd 28/10/04 7:46 AM Page ix
Contents ix
Appendices 121
Appendix A: Technical Notes 121
Appendix B: List of Interviews 129
Appendix C: Interview Questionnaires 131
Appendix D: The Data Set 135
Notes 139
References 147
Index 163