IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering: Advanced Solutions in Power Systems: HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence (1)

1075 Pages·2016·43.87 MB·English

by  Mircea Eremia

Advanced Solutions
in Power Systems
HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence
Edited by
MIRCEA EREMIA
CHEN-CHING LIU
ABDEL-ATY EDRIS

ADVANCED SOLUTIONS
IN POWER SYSTEMS
IEEEPress
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IEEEPressEditorialBoard
TariqSamad,EditorinChief
GeorgeW.Arnold XiaoouLi RayPerez
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DmitryGoldgof Pui-InMak ZidongWang
EkramHossain JeffreyNanzer MengChuZhou
KennethMoore,DirectorofIEEEBookandInformationServices(BIS)
ADVANCED SOLUTIONS
IN POWER SYSTEMS
HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence
Edited by
MIRCEA EREMIA
CHEN-CHING LIU
ABDEL-ATY EDRIS
Copyright©2016byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.
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ISBN:978-1-119-03569-5
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
FOREWORD xxiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1
MirceaEremia,Chen-ChingLiu,andAbdel-AtyEdris
PART I HVDCTRANSMISSION
MirceaEremia
CHAPTER2 POWERSEMICONDUCTORDEVICESFORHVDCAND
FACTSSYSTEMS 11
RemusTeodorescuandMirceaEremia
2.1 PowerSemiconductorOverview 12
2.1.1 Not-ControllablePowerSemiconductorDevices 13
2.1.2 SemicontrollablePowerSemiconductorDevices 13
2.1.3 FullyControllablePowerSemiconductorDevices 17
2.1.3.1 GateTurn-OffThyristor 18
2.1.3.2 IntegratedGate-CommutatedThyristor 18
2.1.3.3 IsolatedGateBipolarTransistor 18
2.1.4 PowerSemiconductorParameters 20
2.1.4.1 Steady-StateParameters 20
2.1.4.2 SwitchingCharacteristics 20
2.1.5 FuturePowerSemiconductorDevices 21
2.2 ConverterTypes 21
2.3 HVDCEvolution 23
2.3.1 Line-CommutatedHVDCConverters(LCC/CSC–HVDC) 24
2.3.2 Capacitor-CommutatedConverter(CCC–HVDC) 26
2.3.3 VoltageSourceConverterVSC–HVDC 28
2.3.3.1 VSC–HVDCBasedonTwo-LevelConverters 29
2.3.3.2 VSC–HVDCBasedonMultilevelConverters 29
2.3.3.3 LimitationsofVSCTransmission 30
2.4 FACTSEvolution 30
References 33
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER3 CSC–HVDCTRANSMISSION 35
MirceaEremiaandConstantinBulac
3.1 StructureandConfigurations 35
3.1.1 StructureofHVDCLinks 35
3.1.2 HVDCConfigurations 40
3.2 ConverterBridgeModeling 47
3.2.1 RectifierEquations 47
3.2.1.1 IdealConverterBridgeOperation 47
3.2.1.2 CommutationProcessorOverlap 52
3.2.1.3 EquivalentCircuitoftheRectifier 56
3.2.2 InverterEquations 57
3.3 ControlofCSC–HVDCTransmission 59
3.3.1 EquivalentCircuitandControlCharacteristics 59
3.3.1.1 EquivalentCircuitofDCTransmissionLink 59
3.3.1.2 Voltage–CurrentCharacteristics 62
3.3.2 HVDCControlPrinciples 64
3.3.2.1 StateVariablesofaHVDCLink 64
3.3.2.2 BasicControlPrinciplesoftheDCVoltageandDCCurrent 65
3.3.2.3 ControlModes 67
3.3.3 HVDCControlStrategies 69
3.3.3.1 RectifierControlStrategy 69
3.3.3.2 InverterControlStrategy 71
3.3.4 HierarchicalControlofaHVDCLink 72
3.3.4.1 MasterControl 72
3.3.4.2 PoleControl 74
3.3.4.3 Firing(Valve)Control 78
3.3.4.4 Telecommunications 78
3.3.4.5 MeasurementTransducers 78
3.4 ReactivePowerandHarmonics 78
3.4.1 ReactivePowerRequirementsandSources 78
3.4.2 HarmonicsandFilters 83
3.4.2.1 TheSourceofACHarmonicCurrents 83
3.4.2.2 TheEffectofY∕ΔTransformationonACHarmonicCurrent 85
3.4.2.3 HigherPulseOperationUsingMultipleBridges
andTransformers 86
3.4.2.4 EliminationofHarmonics 86
3.5 LoadFlowinMixedHVAC/HVDC-CSCSystems 91
3.5.1 Steady-StateModel 91
3.5.1.1 TheExtendedVariablesMethod 93
3.5.1.2 TheSequentialMethod 94
3.5.1.3 TheEliminatedVariablesMethod 94
3.6 InteractionBetweenACandDCSystems 96
3.6.1 ACSystemsStabilization 96
3.6.2 InfluenceofACSystemShort-CircuitRatio 96
3.6.3 EffectiveInertiaConstant 99
3.6.4 ReactivePowerandtheStrengthoftheACSystem 100
3.7 ComparisonBetweenDCandACTransmission 101
3.8 ApplicationonaCSC–HVDCLink 109
3.8.1 Solution 111
CONTENTS vii
Appendix3.1 CSC–HVDCSystemsintheWorld 118
References 123
CHAPTER4 VSC–HVDCTRANSMISSION 125
MirceaEremia,Jose´AntonioJardini,GuangfuTang,andLucianToma
4.1 VSCConverterStructures 126
4.1.1 Half-BridgeVSCorTwo-LevelPole 126
4.1.2 Full-BridgeSingle-PhaseVSC 128
4.1.3 Three-PhaseTwo-LevelVSC 128
4.1.4 Three-LevelPoleVSC 129
4.1.5 MultimoduleVSCSystems 131
4.1.6 MultilevelVSCSystems 132
4.1.7 ModularMultilevelConverter 138
4.1.7.1 Half-BridgeModularMultilevelConverter 140
4.1.7.2 Full-BridgeModularMultilevelConverter 143
4.1.7.3 TheMMC–HVDCINELFEProject 144
4.1.8 CascadedTwo-LevelConverters 147
4.2 ModulationTechniques 151
4.2.1 PWMTechniques 151
4.2.1.1 PWMPrinciple 151
4.2.1.2 PWMStrategyControlofaHalf-BridgeConverter 155
4.2.1.3 Three-PhaseBridgeInverterwithSinusoidalPWM 159
4.2.2 ModulationTechniquesforMultilevelConverters 163
4.2.2.1 PWMAlgorithmsforMultilevelConverters 163
4.2.2.2 SpaceVectorModulationAlgorithms 165
4.2.2.3 OtherModulationandControlAlgorithmsforMultilevel
Converters 165
4.3 DC/ACConverterAnalysis 166
4.3.1 OperationModesoftheSwitched-InductorCell 166
4.3.2 IdealDC/ACHalf-BridgeConverter 168
4.3.3 AveragingModels 175
4.3.3.1 Circuit/SwitchAveragingofDC–DCConverters 176
4.3.3.2 State-SpaceAveragingofDC–DCConverters 177
4.3.3.3 AVMofDC–ACConverters 178
4.3.4 DetailedandAveragedModelsforMMC–HVDCSystems 180
4.3.4.1 DetailedEquivalentModels 181
4.3.4.2 AVMofMMC–HVDCUsingVoltage-and
Current-ControlledSources 183
4.4 VSCTransmissionSchemeandOperation 188
4.4.1 PowerEquipment 188
4.4.2 PrinciplesofActiveandReactivePowerControl 192
4.4.3 VSCTransmissionControl 196
4.4.3.1 VSCConverterControlUsingtheVectorControlStrategy 196
4.4.3.2 LevelsofControl 199
4.4.3.3 CoordinationofControls 200
4.5 MultiterminalVSC–HVDCSystemsandHVDCGrids 203
4.5.1 OntheConventionalMultiterminalHVDCConfigurations 203
4.5.2 MultiterminalHVDCGridConfigurations 204
4.5.3 MeshedHVDCGridConfigurations 209
viii CONTENTS
4.5.4 NeedforFastandLowLossHVDCBreakers 211
4.5.4.1 Preconditions 211
4.5.4.2 SchemesfortheCurrentZeroFormation 212
4.5.4.3 TypesofDCCircuitBreakers 214
4.5.5 HVDCGridProtection 218
4.6 LoadFlowandStabilityAnalysis 221
4.6.1 LoadFlowinMeshedAC/DCGrids 221
4.6.1.1 Generalities 221
4.6.1.2 LoadFlowCalculationinaDCGrid 223
4.6.1.3 Application 227
4.6.2 DynamicStabilityinMeshedAC/DCGrids 231
4.6.2.1 Generalities 231
4.6.2.2 DescriptionoftheVSCModelforStabilityAnalysis 233
4.6.2.3 ControlModels 235
4.6.2.4 P–VDroopControl 237
4.6.2.5 CurrentandVoltageLimits 237
4.6.2.6 RMSModelTesting 238
4.6.2.7 SimulationsonanAC/DCMeshedGrid 239
4.7 ComparisonofCSC–HVDCVersusVSC–HVDCTransmission 246
4.7.1 DifferencesResultingfromtheCommutationPrinciple 246
4.7.2 DifferencesResultingfromtheConverterType 248
4.8 ForwardtoSupergrid 249
4.8.1 ChallengesandSolutionsforDevelopingSupergrid 249
4.8.1.1 ConnectingRenewableEnergySourcesandIncreased
TransmissionSystemCapacity 250
4.8.1.2 CompensatingReactivePower 250
4.8.1.3 MaintainingSystemStability 252
4.8.2 HybridACandDCSystems 252
4.8.3 Supernodes 254
4.8.4 StepwiseDevelopmentoftheEuropeanSupergrid 255
4.8.5 StepsTowardaPlanetarySupergrid 258
4.8.6 VSCMultiterminalinChina 260
Appendix4.1VSC–HVDCProjectsAroundtheWorld 261
Appendix4.2ExamplesofVSC–HVDCOne-LineDiagrams 263
References 263
PART II FACTSTECHNOLOGIES
Abdel-AtyEdrisandMirceaEremia
CHAPTER5 STATICVArCOMPENSATOR(SVC) 271
MirceaEremia,AniruddhaGole,andLucianToma
5.1 Generalities 271
5.2 Thyristor-ControlledReactor 273
5.3 Thyristor-SwitchedCapacitor 284
5.4 ConfigurationsofSVC 287
5.4.1 FixedCapacitorandThyristor-ControlledReactor 287
5.4.2 TheSVCDevice(TSC–TCR) 289
5.4.2.1 V–ICharacteristics 289
5.4.2.2 OperatingDomain 290