IEEE MTT-V053-I03A (2005-03)

213 Pages·2005·12.996 MB·English

by  FANTOMASPING

MARCH 2005 VOLUME53 NUMBER 3 IETMAB (ISSN0018-9480)
PART I OF TWO PARTS
Editorial:HowtoGetYourManuscriptPublishedinthisTRANSACTIONSinSixMonthsorLess .. ...... ...D.F.Williams 797
PAPERS
An Order-Reduced Volume-Integral Equation Approach for Analysis of NRD-Guide and -Guide Millimeter-Wave
Circuits.. .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ..... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .D.Li,P.Yang,andK.Wu 799
A2.17-dBNF5-GHz-BandMonolithicCMOSLNAWith10-mWDCPowerConsumption.. ... ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ...H.-W.Chiu,S.-S.Lu,andY.-S.Lin 813
CompactDual-FedDistributedPowerAmplifier .. ... ... ... .... ... ..... .... ... ... ... ... ... ..K.W.Eccleston 825
OptimizedFinite-DifferenceTime-DomainMethodsBasedonthe Stencil . .... ..... ...G.SunandC.W.Trueman 832
Novel -PlaneFiltersandDiplexersWithEllipticResponseforMillimeter-WaveApplications .. ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ...E.Ofli,R.Vahldieck,andS.Amari 843
AnalysisandDesignofaHigh-EfficiencyMultistageDohertyPowerAmplifierforWirelessCommunications. ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..N.Srirattana,A.Raghavan,D.Heo,P.E.Allen,andJ.Laskar 852
AnAnalysisofMiniaturizedDual-ModeBandpassFilterStructureUsingShunt-CapacitancePerturbation ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. M.-F.LeiandH.Wang 861
EvaluationoftheInputImpedanceofaTop-LoadedMonopoleinaParallel-PlateWaveguidebytheMoM/Green’sFunction
Method.. .... ..... .... ... ..A.Valero-Nogueira,J.I.Herranz-Herruzo,E.Antonino-Daviu,andM.Cabedo-Fabres 868
StudyofanActivePredistorterSuitableforMMICImplementation . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . R.Iommi,G.Macchiarella,A.Meazza,andM.Pagani 874
AComplementaryColpittsOscillatorinCMOSTechnology. .. .... ... .... ..... ... ... ... ..C.-Y.ChaandS.-G.Lee 881
ANovelDesignToolforWaveguidePolarizers ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. G.Virone,R.Tascone,M.Baralis,O.A.Peverini,A.Olivieri,andR.Orta 888
ACompactBandpassFilterWithTwoTuningTransmissionZerosUsingaCMRCResonator. ... ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... K.M.Shum,T.T.Mo,Q.Xue,andC.H.Chan 895
OntheRoleoftheAdditiveandConvertedNoiseintheGenerationofPhaseNoiseinNonlinearOscillators .. ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .J.-C.Nallatamby,M.Prigent,andJ.Obregon 901
Two-PortEquivalentofPCBDiscontinuitiesintheWaveletDomain .. ....R.Araneo,S.Barmada,S.Celozzi,andM.Raugi 907
(ContentsContinuedonBackCover)
(ContentsContinuedfromFrontCover)
Small-SignalandHigh-FrequencyNoiseModelingofSiGeHBTs..... ...U.Basaran,N.Wieser,G.Feiler,andM.Berroth 919
Injection-LockedDualOpto-ElectronicOscillatorWithUltra-LowPhaseNoiseandUltra-LowSpuriousLevel ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... . W.ZhouandG.Blasche 929
Pure-Mode Network Analyzer Concept for On-Wafer Measurements of Differential Circuits at Millimeter-Wave
Frequencies... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ...T.ZwickandU.R.Pfeiffer 934
AnOrthogonality-BasedDeembeddingTechniqueforMicrostripNetworks.. .... ..... ..M.P.SpowartandE.F.Kuester 938
SuperconductingSpiralFiltersWithQuasi-EllipticCharacteristicforRadioAstronomy.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... . G.Zhang,F.Huang,andM.J.Lancaster 947
AMonolithic12-GHzHeterodyneReceiverforDVB-SApplicationsinSiliconBipolarTechnology.. ... ... ... ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... G.Girlando,S.A.Smerzi,T.Copani,andG.Palmisano 952
ALinearInverseSpace-Mapping(LISM)AlgorithmtoDesignLinearandNonlinearRFandMicrowaveCircuits . ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. J.E.Rayas-Sánchez,F.Lara-Rojo,andE.Martínez-Guerrero 960
IterativeMethodsforExtractingCausalTime-DomainParameters .. ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ..S.LuoandZ.Chen 969
A12-GHzSiGePhaseShifterWithIntegratedLNA. .. ... ... ..... ..... ... ... ... . T.M.HancockandG.M.Rebeiz 977
Two-DimensionalCurl-ConformingSingularElementsforFEMSolutionsofDielectricWaveguidingStructures.. ....
.. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .D.-K.Sun,L.Vardapetyan,andZ.Cendes 984
ApplicationofTwo-DimensionalNonuniformFastFourierTransform(2-DNUFFT)TechniquetoAnalysisofShielded
MicrostripCircuits.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ..... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...K.-Y.SuandJ.-T.Kuo 993
InformationforAuthors.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 1000
ANNOUNCEMENTS
IEEEMTT-SUndergraduate/Pre-GraduateScholarships... ... .... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 1001
SpecialIssueonMicrowavePhotonics ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 1002
2005IEEECompoundSemiconductorICSymposium . ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 1003
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ABBBBBBBBCCCaeeeeuueeeuuDFliilndnnelfstjjagf.tenattiii.arrrramnnSlrauiaalJurggaovUORslliox::,ae::L&NHra::NneLpNet:IaRYSuiMAwSVdDnFro.OA.s.-aj..BuE.iNRW/N:GnRCFtVn.hL.gIUE.eg.MLZ:.-InISGlIJGtHHWaPtICAaNrInEOOlLCAaN.ydSLV-NLlYAVKX:/EIGBSRIYoT.EoTwTZRRHsEaHt.Yo:ATnNI:BGERIO GGHHHHHIIIJKLLMnnsaooerooouuriddpateansrnuunnciialmeeaagagssgthAncls/ytta:eaCCIeoovnKCsrnsn:nniigoyaleloyoaa:,lleu:Sr:n:uceCnl-n.Iu:gneWd.ocAst:cT/iJZtXlWNailalC.U.lM:e.t:A:e.BTeSgWoAwNrT.H.euEl.WETAWonRKSEYPHRYHoAcCI.t..oNIaAi:..NEBLKlSrtRT:JKLLiGkA.U.oIIAII:RCSRCAnSIM-H.N:MAHTPRMEH.AASS.LARN.KMEIGH.EAMANNISCCOHZUOARRLSKI PPPPPQRRRRRhooorioouuuioWMollrncmsseaatessheucdnn..aiinneegeaaddCnSitssa,,x:,oiJtIlUlaJJeTa:Lan:tt:RrnNn/..i:MTCtdeINShCKIVi:eCIa.uriO.n..FoziEaPnVtWS.F:hn.ArAt/PInEaiMMaEPA.lyROJ:IReA:RJEL.T.teOYNOOZKRerZrDE.Bs.IAsOeLB.EIbBTNyWSNEuZ:ESLrSAROgOKIGN:DVIMIOANNONVA SSSSSSTTTTTTaowoppwwyuuhiruarrcrapieioiakisnittndenclhzneoagieu:eCyetn:nonfrsr::iildn::eteaiL::lCneAdO.Nsd.GJ:l:-D:.V.bE.S.AFeBE...VSr.MUVAJ.LtH..Ja.RCIUORE.C:AVHGVIJHLR.EVEEA.EAOKRSISGSFENSSETA.SEI/HSWSLCSEIOBNR.R.NAOGFMIRANETDOASHKERRSAILES
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Editor-In-Chief
MICHAELSTEER WOLFGANG MENZEL BUMMAN KIM ZOYA POPOVIC KENJI ITOH STEVEN MARSH
NorthCarolinaStateUniv.Univ. of Ulm PohangUniv.Sci.Technol. Univ.ofColoradoatBoulder MitsubishiElectricCorp. MidasConsulting
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ANTTI RÄISÄNEN YOSHIO NIKAWA PETER RUSSER ALESSANDROCIDRONALI Univ.ofBologna
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email:[email protected] email:[email protected]:[email protected] email:[email protected]
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IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.53,NO.3,MARCH2005 797
Editorial:
How to Get Your Manuscript Published in this
T in Six Months or Less
RANSACTIONS
ITISbothmoreprestigiousandmoredifficulttopublishin proseflowsfromyourpen.Ithelpstoreviseandthenre-revise
thisTRANSACTIONSthaninnearlyanyotherjournalorcon- over a period of two months or more. It is often surprising
ference digest. Thecompetition is fierce and the standards are howmanyweaknessesyoucanfindthismonthinlastmonth’s
high.Hereareafewcommon-sensetipsonhowtoprepareyour brillianttour-de-force.
paper to give it the greatest chance of acceptance. Of course, Whether you are a native English speaker or not, take your
thereisnosubstituteforabrilliantsolutiontoanimportanten- papertoanexpertforgrammaticalproofreadingandcorrection:
gineeringproblem.But,thereismoretoagoodTRANSACTIONS anative-speakingEnglishliterature,history,orphilosophypro-
paperthanmeetstheeye.Readon.Youwillbesurprisedathow
fessororgraduatestudent.Gooverthepapertogetherwithyour
manyverysimplethingsyoucandotoeaseyourpaperthrough
grammaticaladvisers.Beinquisitive,andtrytounderstandnot
thereviewprocessandgetthatcovetedacceptancenotification
justwhattheysuggestchanging,butwhy.
deliveredstraighttoyourin-box.
IfyouseethisTRANSACTIONS’reviewerasyourmostimpor-
Forme,themostimportantstageofwritingapaperstartsbe-
tantadversaryinthepublishingprocess,youneedtolearnedito-
fore Ihaveputdowna single wordonpaper. Thisisthe plan-
rialjujitsu.Startbyliningupyourownsetoftechnicalreviewers
ning stage of the paper. Some authors begin by writing up an
wellbeforeyousubmit.Justaswithyourgrammaticaladvisers,
outline. I prefer to gather my graphs together and look them
arrangeameetingwitheachofyourtechnicalreviewers.Tryto
over.Otherslookoversimilarpapersthathavebeenpreviously
usethisprocessasawayofgettingthemtotalkaboutthepaper.
publishedinthisTRANSACTIONS.Whicheverwayyouapproach
Youwillfindwhattheysaytobefarmoreusefulthanwhatthey
writing a paper, ask yourself what story you have to tell, and
wrote.Sometimesyouwillfindthatyousimplydidnotthinkof
whetherthatstoryiscomplete.Theplanningstageisessential
writingdownsomekeypoints.
becauseithelpsyougainimportantperspectiveandsetupalog-
Above all, keep your cool. What your reviewers and gram-
icalorganizationalframeworkforyourpaper.Italsokeepsyou
matical adviserstellyouwillbe hardtohear.However,ifyou
fromstartinginonapaperbeforeyouhavegatheredsufficient
dothisright,youreditorialjujitsuwillhaveputthereviewersto
measurementsorcompletedtheanalysis.
Once you have gathered your ideas, download the Word or workforyou.Yousee,reviewersoftenprovideexactlywhatyou
LaTeX IEEE template for this TRANSACTIONS’ submissions lackthemost,whichisperspective—perspectiveonallsortsof
from http://www.mtt.org/publications/For_Authors/for_au- things,fromthemostsubtletechnicalissuestothemostobvious
thors.htm.Readthetemplatebeforeyoubegin.Itischockfull (inretrospect)organizationalproblems.
of sound advice on grammar and style, and contains many Ifyouwantyourpapertobeacceptedinthefirstreviewcycle,
useful tips.Starting yourpaper inthe template willalso result youneedtogetthisTRANSACTIONS’reviewertofocusonyour
in a more professional-looking submission. This favorably brillianttechnicalcontributions.Youdonotwantyourreviewer
impressesthereviewers. sortingthroughyourpreviouspublicationstryingtodecidewhat
I cannot overemphasize the importance of grammar and or- isnewandwhatisold.Keepinmindthatreviewersandreaders
ganization of your ideas. Reviewers are very busy people and alike prize both originality and completeness,and youwill do
theywerechosenbecausetheyhavemadeimportantcontribu- far better pleasing your reviewers and readers with new ideas
tions to the field. Thus, your number 1 goal is to get the re- and with complete and original papers than trying to explain
viewertounderstandandappreciateyourtechnicalcontribution whyyourcurrentpaperdifferssignificantlyenoughfromyour
as quickly as possible. The last person you want commenting lasttodeservepublication.
onyourtechnicalworkisagrumpyreviewerwhohasjustspent
NodiscussionofthisTRANSACTIONSwouldbecompleteifit
an hour marking up your paper with a red pen or, worse yet,
didnottouchonconferenceSpecialIssuesandtherelationship
strugglingtounderstandthepointyouaretryingtomake.Re-
of “expanded” to conference papers. Much has changed in re-
memberthatnearlyallreviewersputmanyhoursandsometimes
centyears,withconferencepapersgenerallybecomingarchival
daysintoreviewingapaper,andyouwanttomaketheirjobas
andavailableelectronically.Writingagoodpaperforaconfer-
easyaspossible.
ence Special Issue is far more difficult than writing any other
Good grammar and exposition are difficult to come by, and
TRANSACTIONS paper. The root of the problem is that some
you probably did not go into electrical engineering because
topics are well suited to a conference paper, and others to a
TRANSACTIONSpaper,butonlyaveryfewtoboth.
However,maybeyouhaveyourheartsetononeoftheseSpe-
DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TMTT.2004.842512 cialIssuepapers.“Whattodo?”Ihearyouask.First,startearly.
0018-9480/$20.00©2005IEEE
798 IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.53,NO.3,MARCH2005
Contrarytopopularbelief,writingtwogoodcomplementarypa- PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE) must carry the TRANSACTIONS’
persreallydoestaketwiceaslongaswritingonepaper. acronym,e.g.,vol.MTT-25).Notethatthecorrectreferencefor
Besuretochooseasubjectthatisactuallylargeenoughtojus- this TRANSACTIONS is IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. The
tifytwoseparatesubmissions,andthatcontainsasubtopicsuit- correct reference for the 2004 IEEE International Microwave
ableforaconferencepaper.Theconferencepapershouldbea Symposium (IMS) is “in 2004 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave
shortvignette,completelyandthoroughlytreatinganimportant Symp. Dig.” Do not use acronyms for conferences: spell out
aspect of the entirestudy,butno more.I am nottalking about thefullnameoftheconference(e.g.,useInt.ElectronDevices
simplyputtinghighlightsintheconferencepaperor“dumbingit MeetinginsteadofIEDM).Ifreferencescarryonlineinforma-
down.”Thesepapershaveverylittlelong-termvalue.Itshould tion,theauthorshouldincludethis(i.e.,httpinformation,etc.)
beshort,complete,andstandalone,andreadersshouldstillbe attheendofthereference.Finally,keepyoureyesopenforthe
abletoreadthepaperinfutureyearsandlearnsomethingthat automatedreferencecheckerbeingdevelopedbytheIEEE!
neverappearedanywhereelse. • Periodicals: Author(s) Initial(s), Surname(s), “Title of
WhenyouwriteupthemainbodyofthepaperforaSpecial paper,”TitleofPeriodical,vol#,issue#,pp.xx-xx,Abbrev.
Issue,trysummarizingtheconferencepaperinafewparagraphs Month,Year.
or a short section, rather than repeating the conference paper • Books:Author(s)Initial(s),Surname(s),“Titleofchapterin
in its entirety. The expanded TRANSACTIONS paper is not just book(ifapplicable),”TitleofBook,xthed.CityofPublisher,
theconferencepaperwithmorewordsandequations.Itshould State/Country:Abbrev.nameofPublisher,Year,ChapterX
build on the conference paper, but in a way that both publi- (ifapplicable),SectionX(ifapplicable),pp.xx-xx.
cations are worth reading and so that a reader learns different • Reports: Author(s) Initial(s), Surname(s), “Title of report,”
things from each. This strategy will help you write two truly NameofCompany,CityofCompany,State/CountryofCom-
distinctandcomplementarycrowdpleasers,issuretowowthe pany,Reportnumber,Year.
reviewers, and will give you a great additional opportunity to • Handbook (generally a “book” published by a company,
advertiseyourwork. as opposed to a publisher): Title of Manual/Handbook,
Finally, thereis a possibilitythata reviewerwillstill object x edition, Abbrev. Name of Company, City of Company,
toyourpaper.Inthiscase,thereareonlytwopossiblecourses State/CountryofCompany,Year,pp.xx-xx.
of action that will steer you clear of the endless review-cycle • Published Conference Proceedings: Author(s) Initial(s),
vortex.Youcandeterminethatthereviewerwasrighttobegin Surname(s), “Titleofpaper,” UnabbreviatedNameofCon-
with,andfixyourpaper,oryoucanfigureoutwhythereviewer ference,City ofConference, State/Country, Abbrev.Month
misunderstood you, and fix your paper. Trying to convince a Year, pp. xx-xx (published conference proceedings MUST
TRANSACTIONSreviewer,whoistypicallyanexpertinthefield, includepagenumbers).
that he or she never should have objected to your work in the • UnpublishedPapersPresentedatConference:Author(s)Ini-
firstplaceisguaranteedtosendyoustraightintothemawofthe tial(s), Surname(s), “Title ofpaper,” presentedat the Name
vortex! ofConference,CityofConference,State/Country,Year.
Usingthesesimpletipswillnotcoveruptechnicalblunders • Patents: Author(s) Initial(s), Surname(s), “Title of patent,”
or ensure acceptance in this TRANSACTIONS. But it will most U.S.Patent#xxxxx,Abbrev.MonthDay,Year.
assuredlyputyouinafarbetterpositiontogetyourworkand • Theses (Masters) and Dissertations (Ph.D.): Author(s)
insightsouttoyourmostimportantaudience,yourpeersinthe Initial(s),Surname(s),“Titleofthesis/dissertation,”Abbrev.
microwavecommunitythatthisTRANSACTIONSserves. Department,University,CityofUniv.,State/Country,Year.
Finally,Ineedtotalkaboutproperlyreferencingpapers.Not • Unpublished References: Author(s) Initial(s), Surname(s),
onlydoincompleteandinaccuratereferencescreateanimpres- private communication, Abbrev. Month, Year. Or as appli-
sionofcarelessness,buterrorsandthetimerequiredtocorrect cable:Author(s)Initial(s),Surname(s),“Titleofpaper,”un-
themarethemajorreasonfordelaysincopyediting(thetime published.
between the manuscript being sent to the IEEE and its being • Standards:TitleofStandard,Standardnumber,Date/Year.
published).
Admittedly,thetipsandtricksinthispaperwerelearnedthe
SomerulesandexamplesforIEEEreferencesareasfollows.
hard way by the author. They do not necessarily represent the
Alwaysusemonthandyearofpublicationinreferencesand
editorialpolicyofthisTRANSACTIONS.
abbreviate months. Use initials for the first names of authors
in your list of references, and include all authors’ names. If
the periodical is an IEEE publication, the issue number and DYLANF.WILLIAMS,AssociateEditor,TMTT
month of publication is necessary. Any IEEE TRANSACTIONS NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology
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IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.53,NO.3,MARCH2005 799
An Order-Reduced Volume-Integral Equation
Approach for Analysis of NRD-Guide and
H
-Guide Millimeter-Wave Circuits
Duochuan Li, Ping Yang, and Ke Wu, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—An order-reduced volume-integral equation ap- integratedcircuitsandantennasthathavedemonstratedsuperior
proach is proposed for modeling and analyzing of nonradiative electricalperformanceatmillimeter-wavefrequencies[2]–[4].
dielectric(NRD)-guideand -guidemillimeter-wavecircuitsthat
Several numerical methods were used to analyze disconti-
involve arbitrarily shaped planar geometry and inhomogeneous
nuities and components in NRD circuits. The mode-coupling
dielectric. A half-sinusoidal vertical variation of fields is used so
thatthediscretizationofcurrentforthevolume-integralequation theory was applied in [5] to analyze the loss characteristics
ismadeintheparallelplane.Combinedbasisfunctionsofprop- of the NRD-guide bends. A rigorous expression for coupling
agating and local modes are used in the Garlerkin’s method of
coefficientbetween and modes(alsoreferredto
momentsonthebasisofspectrumanalysisoftheNRD-guideand
as , or , insomepublications)was
-guide. A vertical integration in the space domain is carried
out analytically and a first-order Green’sfunction with = 1 derivedandthenusedinthetwo-modecouplingequationstobe
is developed. The solution for the volume-integral equation in solvedforthebendinglossanalysis.Thistheorywasreexamined
modeling NRD-guide and -guide circuits is then reduced to a in [6] to improve the design technique of NRD-guide bends.
two-dimensional planar problem. This technique can be applied
An efficient design technique of an NRD-guide filter based
for calculating the characteristics of various waveguide compo-
on a variational principle has been developed in [7], and both
nents and multiport circuits such as resonant frequencies and
-parameters.Theframeworkofthistechniqueisdemonstrated gap-coupled-type and alternating-width-type filters were suc-
through its application to an NRD-guide open-end. In addition, cessfullydesigned. However,thosemethods are geometrically
an -guide open-end, three types of resonators, and three-pole
specific and hard to extend for general modeling problems of
gap-coupled NRD-guide filters are modeled and analyzed. The
NRD-guidediscontinuityandcomponents.Themode-matching
resultsareingoodagreementwiththemeasurementsandresults
obtainedbyothermethods. techniquehasalsobeenusedtosolvealargeclassofNRD-guide
components and discontinuities, which include open ends,
IndexTerms—Green’sfunction,methodofmoments,millimeter
junctions,steps,gaps,T-junctions,anddiplexer[8]–[10].Nev-
wave,nonradiativedielectric(NRD)-guide and -guide circuits,
order-reduced volume integral equation (ORVIE), vertical inte- ertheless, it will fail once the planar section (the top view of
gration. dielectric circuit) of the guiding structure is of arbitrary shape
and/orhasinhomogeneousdielectricpermittivity.
In this paper, an order-reduced volume-integral equation
I. INTRODUCTION
(ORVIE)methodisdeveloped,whichisabletosolvenotonly
MILLIMETER-WAVE techniques become increasingly
NRDcircuits ofan arbitrarilyshapedplanar sectionand inho-
importantbecauseofemergingwirelesscommunication
mogeneousdielectricpermittivityintheplanarsection,butalso
andnoncommunicationapplications.Overthisfrequencyrange,
-guide circuits in which radiation loss must be considered
the commonly used planar techniques, namely, microwave
sincethespacingbetweenthetwoparallelplatesislargerthan
integrated circuit (MIC), miniaturized hybrid microwave inte-
ahalf-wavelengthinfreespace[11].
gratedcircuit(MHMIC),andmonolithicmicrowaveintegrated
An electric-field integral-equation (EFIE) method was used
circuit(MMIC),generallysufferfromproblemsofprohibitive
toobtaineigenmodesof dielectricguide in[12] and [13].The
conductor loss and critical dimensional tolerance. Therefore,
EFIEinitsstandard,alsoreferredtoasthedomainintegralequa-
nonplanar technologies, which include metallic and dielectric
tion,treatsdielectricstripdomainsaslocalperturbationofthe
waveguides, should be considered. Among those nonplanar
configuration,replacingthemwithequivalentpolarizationcur-
schemes, the nonradiative dielectric (NRD) waveguide is
rents. An electric dyadic Green’s function is then used for the
promising for the making of passive components because it
integralrepresentationoffieldsinthelayerinwhichthestrips
can effectively suppress radiation loss along circuit bends and
are embedded. Due to its rigorous full-wave formulation, the
discontinuities.Sinceitsinceptionin1981[1],thistechnology
EFIE technique is capable of handling both open and closed
has been used in the design and fabrication of a large class of
structuresanddescribingphysicaleffectssuchaswaveleakage.
However, when this method extends to three dimensions, re-
ManuscriptreceivedFebruary9,2004;revisedMay24,2004. ferred to as the volume integral-equation method, only a few
The authors are with the Poly-Grames Research Center, École Poly- simpleproblemswithfinitedielectricregionscanbesolvedbe-
technique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3V 1A2 (e-mail: liduo@
causeoflargememoryandCPUtimerequirements[14],[15].
grmes.polymtl.ca;[email protected];[email protected]).
DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TMTT.2004.842511 ThismethodhasnotbeenusedinthemodelingofNRD-guide
0018-9480/$20.00©2005IEEE
800 IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.53,NO.3,MARCH2005
Themodespectruminthisstructurecanbedividedintoadis-
cretenumberofsurfacewaves,whichisclassifiedintoLSEand
LSMmodes,andacontinuoussetofradiationmodes.Asfaras
theeigenvalueproblemisconcerned,thepresenceoftheparallel
metalplatesimpliesadiscretizationoftheverticalwavenumber
( , with null or integer ), while the horizontal
wavenumberscanbederivedfromtranscendentalequationsre-
latedtothedielectricslabguide.Thetranscendentalequations
Fig.1. CrosssectionofNRD-guideandH-guide.
fortheeigenvaluesalong areexpressedas
and -guidecircuits.Inthisstudy,thismethodisappliedtothe
modelingofNRD-guideand -guidecircuitsbyreducingthe
symmetricmodes
originalthree-dimensional(3-D)problemstotwo-dimensional
antisymmetricmodes
(2-D)planarproblems.
IntheNRD-guideand -guidestructures,ahalf-sinusoidal (1)
vertical ( ) variation of fields remains unchanged all over the where forLSEmodesand forLSMmodes.The
circuitwiththe -or -modeexcitation.Therefore, propagation factor is , is the -directed wavenumber
thecurrentdiscretizationinthevolumeintegralequationcanbe insidethedielectric,and isthedecayconstantintheairregion.
implemented in the – -plane just as in planar circuits. With , ,and haveananalyticalrelationshipasfollows:
such basis functions, the vertical integration in the space do-
main can be obtained analytically and an first-order
(2)
Green’sfunctioncanbeconstructed.Thus,theelementintegra-
tionsarecarriedoutintwodimensionsinthespectraldomain.
(3)
ThesolutionofNRD-guideand -guidecircuitsarereducedto
2-Dplanarproblems.Thislargelyreducescalculationeffortand
makesitpossibletosimulateNRDcircuitsofanyshapedplanar Solvingthetranscendentalequationsgivesrisetoasystemof
sectionandanyvarieddielectricpermittivityintheplanarsec- eigenvalueswithoddintegers ( )insymmetrical
tion.Inparticular,itcanaccuratelycalculateradiationlossalong modes and even integers ( ) in antisymmetric
bendsanddiscontinuitiesofthe -guidebyextractingpolesin modes.Thepropagationconstantsarethenobtainedby
theGreen’sfunction.
In what follows, a complete description of the mode spec-
trum for the NRD-guide and -guide is presented first, fol-
lowed by the formulation of the volume integral-equation and
spectraldyadicGreen’sfunction.Afterwards,theORVIEtech-
nique is outlined. Subsequently, techniques for the integration
are briefly described. In Section III, the solution procedure of Surface-wavemodesoccurat ,where satisfies
an NRD-guide open-end is presented in detail to demonstrate .Radiationmodesappearwhile ,
features of the ORVIE scheme. The -guide open-ends, res- where satisfies .Inthiscase,thewaves
onators,notchedsquare,andrectangularsectionswithinhomo- canpropagateawayatananglefromthedielectricstriponboth
geneous dielectric variation, and three-pole gap-coupled NRD sides.
filterarethenmodeledanddiscussed. Thespaceofthemodespectrumcanbedividedintosurface-
wave modes, continuous radiation modes, and prohibited re-
II. FORMULATIONS gions, as depicted in Fig. 2 by simply defining two boundary
lines and inthe dia-
A. ModeSpectrumofNRD-Guideand -Guide
gramwhere isadecayconstant, isapropagationconstant,
To understand the proposed ORVIE method, a detailed de- and
scriptionofthemodespectrumoftheNRD-guideand -guide
is given in the following. The NRD-guide and -guide have
thesamestructureasinFig.1,whichcanbeviewedasarectan-
gulardielectricrod(width ,height ,andrelativepermittivity
)sandwichedbetweentwoparallelmetalplates.Thedesired
operatingmodeisthe modeinthisstructure.Theprin-
cipaladvantageofthe -guideisknownforitslowtransmission
loss,whichisachievedbykeepingtheplatespacingmorethan
, butit suffersradiationloss atbends anddiscontinuities.
Ontheotherhand,theadvantageoftheNRDguideisitsability
tosuppresssuchradiationlossbykeepingtheplatespacingless
than .
LIetal.:ORVIEAPPROACHFORANALYSISOFNRD-GUIDEAND -GUIDEMILLIMETER-WAVECIRCUITS 801
Fig.3. TopviewofthedielectriccircuitsofNRD-guideandH-guide.
as an NRD-guide. The radiation mode is partly evanescent
and partly propagating in the region where the
structureworksasan -guide.Onlythepropagatingradiation
mode can cause radiation loss and this is why an NRD-guide
can suppress radiation loss at bends and discontinuities with
the operating mode . The case of is similar to
thatof wheretheboundaries and shifttoahigher
frequency range and the radiation mode cuts off at ,
as shown in Fig. 2(c).
B. SpectralDyadicGreen’sFunctionandVolume-Integral
EquationFormulation
Fig. 3 shows the top-view (planar section) of a multiport
NRD-guideor -guidecircuitthatissandwichedbetweentwo
parallelinfinitelyextendedmetalplates.Thecorecircuitrelates
to the external circuits through physical ports attached to
an equal number of intrinsic standard NRD-guide or -guide
feed lines. These feed lines are assumed to be semi-infinitely
long with the same height , different width , and constant
dielectricpermittivity .Thecorecircuitmaybeintheformof
anNRD-guideor -guideasthedielectricpermittivity varies
inthe – -plane .Thewholecircuitissurroundedbya
Fig. 2. Mode spectrum ofNRD-guide and H-guide.(a) m = 0(spectral
mediumwithaconstantdielectricpermittivity .
condition).(b)m=1(spectralcondition).(c)m=2(spectralcondition).
Supposethatthetotalfieldis ,andaccordingtothevolume
equivalenttheorem,theresultingfieldwillremainthesameifwe
A full spectrum for was generated (with replacetheinhomogeneousdielectricbodywiththesurrounding
mm mm and , as shown in Fig. 2. medium,butassumethereisaspecificelectriccurrentdensity
In the case of , as described in Fig. 2(a), the LSE initsvolumewiththefollowingcondition(atimedependency
modes reduce to modes and no modes exist. of isconsidered):
The fundamental guided TE mode, i.e., the mode, and
thepropagatingradiationmodeexistoverallfrequencyrange. (4)
The higher order TE modes, namely, , , and
modes, merge to a continuous radiation mode at a low-fre-
Theelectricfieldgeneratedbythepolarizedvolumecurrent
quency range where . The boundaries and shift
is
to a high-frequency region in the case of , as shown in
Fig.2(b).Thecontinuousradiationmodebecomescompletely
(5)
evanescentinthe regionwherethestructureworks
802 IEEETRANSACTIONSONMICROWAVETHEORYANDTECHNIQUES,VOL.53,NO.3,MARCH2005
where is the space occupied by the dielectric strips. The C. CurrentDiscretizationandSystemMatrixStructure
dyadic Green’s function in the spectral domain is The volume integral equation (4) can be solved with Gar-
formulatedas lerkin’s method of moments. Generally, the volume polarized
currentdiscretization should be made inthree dimensions and
thiswouldmakethematrixtoolargeandmakethismethodin-
efficientbecauseoflarge memoryandCPUtimerequirement.
(6) However,theNRD-guideand -guidecircuitsinFig.3canbe
viewed as sections of dielectric waveguides that are short cir-
cuited by two infinite parallel metal plates placed perpendicu-
The explicit form of for the two parallel
larlytothelongitudinalaxis( )atacertaindistanceapart.Inthis
metalplatescanbeobtainedbylettingthereflectioncoefficient
case, the propagating constant along , namely, is fixed by
at the two plates [16], and can be expressed as thepresenceoftheplates( ,withnullorinteger ).
(7),shownatthebottomofthispage,where Inthispaper,onlythe eigenmodeexcitationisconsid-
ered.Thus,only modes,includingsurface-wavemodes
and a continuous radiation wave mode, appears in this circuit
due to the orthogonal properties between different modes.
Theeigenmodeexcitationwithother valuesissimilartothe
case.Withthe eigenmodeexcitation,ahalf-si-
nusoidal vertical ( ) variation of fields ( in
and components and in the component)
remains unchanged over the entire circuits. The discretization
can be made only in the – -plane just as planar circuits. In
this case, the matrix is greatly reduced and becomes solvable
forcomplicatedcircuits.
In Fig. 3, the volume current of polarization can be repre-
sented by combined local and propagating modes basis func-
tions. Local mode means that the field is restricted in a finite
regionofthecircuitwhilethepropagatingmodemeansthatthe
fieldwillpropagateoutofthecircuitorpropagateintothecir-
cuitfromoutsidethroughthefeedlines.Thelocalmodecanbe
and either entire mode or sub-sectional mode and the propagating
mode, of course, is the entire mode. The field in the core cir-
cuit can be represented by the local modes that either can be
entiremodesorsub-sectionalmodeswithrectangularortrian-
gularmeshestofitdifferentplanarsections.Thefieldalongthe
InthisGreen’sfunction,thepolesatwhichthedenominator feedlinesconsistsofadiscretenumberofsurface-wavemodes
is equal to zero represent the parallel-plate waveguide modes, and a continuous radiation mode, as shown in Fig. 2(b). The
which form the radiation loss mechanism in discontinuities propagating surface-wave modes can be represented by prop-
in NRD-guide and -guide circuits. This phenomenon is agating mode basis functions and the exponent terms in prop-
similar to the surface wave in microstrip circuits [17], [18]. agating modes are truncated after several cycles. The evanes-
These poles occur at , , where centsurfacewavemodes,iftheyappear,canberepresentedby
( ).Thereisalwaysatleast localmodes,andtheentire-domainbasisfunctionsaremoreef-
onepolethatrepresentsthe continuousradiationmode, ficientforthemsincetheydecaymuchslowerthantheevanes-
as shown in Fig. 2(a). Another pole, representing the cent radiation mode. The radiation mode is totally evanescent
propagating radiation mode, as shown in Fig. 2(b), appears inthefrequencyregionoftheNRD-guide,andbecomespartly
in the Green’s function at . With the increasing of evanescent,andpartlypropagatingintheoperatingfrequencyof
frequency ( ) or increasing of the distance between the two the -guide.Theevanescentradiationmodecanberepresented
plates ( ), more poles ( ) will appear in this Green’s bylocalmodesforwhichthesub-sectionalbasisfunctionsare
function. moreefficient.Thepropagatingpartoftheradiationmodethat
(7)