Table Of ContentHydraulics of Levee Overtopping
IAHR Monographs
Series Editor: Robert Ettema
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Colorado State,
Fort Collins,
USA
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Hydraulics of Levee Overtopping
Lin Li
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Tennessee State
University, TN, USA
Farshad Amini
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jackson State
University, MS, USA
Yi Pan
College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University,
Nanjing, China
Saiyu Yuan
State Key Laboratory of Hydrology – Water Resources and Hydraulic
Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Bora Cetin
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering,
Michigan State University, MI, USA
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Series editors
Robert Ettema
Contents
Preface xi
Variables xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Contents of this book 4
2 Surge overflow, wave overtopping, and combination 6
2.1 Surge overflow 6
2.1.1 Surge overflow discharge 6
2.1.2 Critical water depth and velocity 7
2.1.3 Shear stress of surge overflow 7
2.2 Wave overtopping 8
2.2.1 Processes of overtopping 8
2.2.2 Average overtopping discharge 9
2.2.3 Distribution of individual overtopping volumes 11
2.2.4 Probability of overtopping 12
2.3 Combined wave and surge overtopping 12
2.3.1 Combined wave and surge overtopping discharge 13
2.3.2 Distribution of individual overtopping volumes
under negative freeboard 14
2.3.3 Hydraulic parameters on the landward-side slope of levees 15
2.4 Turbulent overtopping 15
2.4.1 Turbulence measurement 16
2.4.2 Turbulent shear stress 16
3 Three strengthening systems 19
3.1 Background 19
3.2 Three innovative levee-overtopping protection methods 19
3.2.1 High-performance turf reinforcement mats (HPTRM) 20
3.2.2 Articulated Concrete Block (ACB) system 22
3.2.3 Roller Compaction Concrete (RCC) 25
3.2.4 Environmental impact of three levee-strengthening systems 26
viii Contents
3.3 Material properties of the three strengthening systems 26
3.3.1 Testing methods and properties results of HPTRM 26
3.3.2 Testing methods and properties results of ACB 31
3.3.3 Testing methods and properties results of RCC 33
4 Full-scale physical model testing of levee overtopping 38
4.1 Full-scale test model setup 38
4.1.1 Test facility 38
4.1.2 Levee embankment setup 38
4.1.3 Wave generator 40
4.1.4 Pump system 42
4.2 Installation of levee-strengthening layers 42
4.2.1 Installation of HPTRM test section and maintenance 42
4.2.2 Installation of ACB test section 44
4.2.3 Installation of RCC test section 48
4.3 Instrumentation and data collection 49
4.3.1 Hydraulic instrumentation 49
4.3.2 Data processing 51
4.4 Testing procedures 53
4.4.1 HPTRM test section 54
4.4.2 ACB test section 55
4.4.3 RCC test section 55
4.5 Erosion check method 57
4.5.1 HPTRM test section 57
4.5.2 ACB test section 58
4.5.3 RCC test section 59
4.6 Scale, model, and measurement effects 60
5 Testing of erosion function apparatus 61
5.1 Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) 61
5.2 EFA tests 62
5.3 Test results 62
6 Hydraulic parameters of combined wave and surge overtopping 66
6.1 Distribution of incident wave 66
6.2 Wave overtopping patterns 68
6.3 Hydraulic parameters of surge-only overflow 71
6.3.1 Surge-only overflow discharge 71
6.3.2 Flow thickness on landward-side slope 72
6.3.3 Average flow velocity on landward-side slope 73
6.4 Combined wave and surge overtopping discharge 74
6.4.1 Combined wave and surge overtopping discharge 74
6.4.2 Distribution of individual overtopping volumes 75
6.4.3 Distribution of instantaneous overtopping discharge 80
Contents ix
6.5 Hydraulic parameters of landward-side slope 83
6.5.1 A verage flow thickness and flow velocity on
landward-side slope 84
6.5.2 Characteristic wave heights on landward-side slope 85
6.5.3 Estimation of H on landward-side slope 89
rms
6.5.4 Estimation of wave front velocity on the landward-side slope 89
6.6 S tandardized analysis of hydraulic parameters of combined and
surge overtopping 90
6.6.1 Surge-only overflow and combined wave and surge
overtopping discharge 91
6.6.2 Average flow thickness on landward-side slope 92
6.6.3 Average flow velocity on landward-side slope 93
6.7 Shear stress 94
6.7.1 Shear stress calculation 94
6.7.2 Shear stress analysis 95
6.7.3 Estimation of shear stresses on landward-side slope 97
7 Turbulent analysis 99
7.1 Measurement setup 99
7.1.1 Model setup and instrumentation 99
7.1.2 Data collection and initial analyses 103
7.2 Overtopping discharge 104
7.3 Turbulent intensity of overtopping flow 108
7.3.1 Turbulence velocity fluctuations 108
7.3.2 N ew formula for turbulent intensity on the crest and
the land-side slope 110
7.4 Turbulent shear stress 112
7.4.1 Log profile method 113
7.4.2 Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy methods 114
7.4.3 Nadal and Hughes’ method 118
7.4.4 New formulas for shear stress estimation on the crest and
on the land-side slope 119
8 Hydraulic erosion on landward-side slope of levees and conceptual
model of soil loss from levee surface 122
8.1 Hydraulic erosion on landward-side slope of levees 122
8.1.1 Hydraulic erosion on the RCC test section 122
8.1.2 Hydraulic erosion on the ACB test section 126
8.1.3 Hydraulic erosion on the HPTRM test section 128
8.2 Conceptual model of soil loss from levee surface 135
8.2.1 Definition 135
8.2.2 Soil erodibility of HPTRM 137
8.2.3 Conceptual model of soil loss from levee surface 138
8.2.4 Failure modes of HPTRM-strengthened levee 140
