Table Of ContentHUMAN IMPACTS SEALS, SEA LIONS, SEA OTTERS
on and
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HUMAN IMPACTS
SEALS, SEA LIONS,
on
SEA OTTERS
and
Integrating Archaeology and
Ecol ogy in the Northeast Pacifi c
Edited by
Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
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University of California Press
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University of California Press, Ltd.
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© 2011 by the Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Human impacts on seals, sea lions, and sea otters : integrating
archaeology and ecol ogy in the Northeast Pacifi c / edited by
Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978- 0- 520- 26726- 8 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Marine mammal remains (Archaeology)— Northwest Coast of
North America. 2. Seals (Animals— Eff ect of human beings
on— Northwest Coast of North America— History 3. Sea otter—
Eff ect of human beings on— Northwest Coast of North America—
History. 4. Hunting, Prehistoric— Northwest Coast of North
America. 5. Paleoecology— Northwest Coast of North
America. I. Braje, Todd J., 1976– II. Rick, Torben C.
CC79.5.M35H86 2010
930.1—dc22
2010034645
Manufactured in the United States of America
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of ANSI/NISO Z39.48- 1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).
Cover image: View of St. Paul Island by Louis Choris, from
Voyage Pittoresque Autour du Monde (1822). Alaska State Library,
Louis Choris, Photograph Collection (P139-48).
contents
Contributors / vii 8 • NATIVE AMERICAN USE OF SEALS, SEA LIONS,
AND SEA OTTERS IN ESTUARIES OF NORTHERN
1 • PEOPLE, PINNIPEDS, AND SEA OTTERS OF THE OREGON AND SOUTHERN WASHINGTON / 167
NORTHEAST PACIFIC / 1 Madonna L. Moss and Robert J. Losey
Torben C. Rick, Todd J. Braje, 9 • WHY WERE NORTHERN FUR SEALS SPARED
and Robert L. DeLong IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA? A CULTURAL AND
2 • A HISTORY OF PALEOECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION / 197
SEA OTTERS AND PINNIPEDS OF THE EASTERN Adrian R. Whitaker
PACIFIC RIM / 19 and William R. Hildebrandt
R. Lee Lyman 10 • HOLOCENE MONTEREY BAY FUR SEALS:
3 • THE HISTORICAL ECOL OGY OF WALRUS DISTRIBUTION, DATES, AND ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOITATION IN THE NORTH PACIFIC / 41 IMPLICATIONS / 221
Erica Hill Diane Giff ord- Gonzalez
4 • NEOGLACIAL SEA ICE AND LIFE HISTORY 11 • TOWARD A PREHISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN
FLEXIBILITY IN RINGED AND FUR SEALS / 65 SEA OTTER (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS ) / 243
Susan J. Crockford and S. Gay Frederick Terry L. Jones, Brendan J. Culleton,
Shawn Larson, Sarah Mellinger,
5 • A 4500- YEAR TIME- SERIES OF OTARIID
and Judith F. Porcasi
ABUNDANCE ON SANAK ISLAND, WESTERN GULF
OF ALASKA / 93 12 • RESILIENCE AND REOR GA NI ZA TION:
ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ECOL OGY
Matthew W. Betts, Herbert D. G. Maschner,
OF CALIFORNIA CHANNEL ISLAND MARINE
and Veronica Lech
MAMMALS / 273
6 • AN ANALYSIS OF SEAL, SEA LION, AND SEA OTTER
Todd J. Braje, Torben C. Rick,
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ON SANAK ISLAND,
Robert L. DeLong, and Jon M. Erlandson
ALASKA: AN 1800- YEAR RECORD ON ALEUT
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR / 111 13 • PERSPECTIVES FROM THE PAST: ARCHAEOLOGY,
HISTORICAL ECOL OGY, AND NORTHEASTERN
Veronica Lech, Matthew W. Betts,
PACIFIC PINNIPEDS AND SEA OTTERS / 297
and Herbert D. G. Maschner
Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick
7 • TOWARD A HISTORICAL ECOL OGY OF PINNIPED
AND SEA OTTER HUNTING TRADITIONS
ON THE COAST OF SOUTHERN BRITISH Index / 309
COLUMBIA / 129
Iain McKechnie and Rebecca J. Wigen
v
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contributors
matthew w. betts diane gifford- gonzalez
Canadian Museum of Civilization University of California, Santa Cruz
Gatineau, Quebec, Canada Santa Cruz, California
[email protected] [email protected]
todd j. braje william r. hildebrandt
San Diego State University Far Western
San Diego, California Davis, California
[email protected] [email protected]
susan j. crockford erica hill
Pacifi c Identifi cations, Inc. University of Alaska Southeast
Victoria, BC, Canada Juneau, Alaska
[email protected] or [email protected] [email protected]
brendan j. culleton terry l. jones
University of Oregon California Polytechnic State University
Eugene, Oregon San Luis Obispo, California
[email protected] [email protected]
robert l. delong shawn larson
Alaska Fisheries Ser vice Center Seattle Aquarium
Seattle, Washington Seattle, Washington
[email protected] [email protected]
jon m. erlandson veronica lech
University of Oregon Idaho State University
Eugene, Oregon Pocatello, Idaho
[email protected] [email protected]
s. gay frederick robert j. losey
Pacifi c Identifi cations, Inc. University of Alberta
Victoria, BC, Canada Edmonton, AB, Canada
[email protected] [email protected]
vii
r. lee lyman judith f. porcasi
University of Missouri University of California, Los Angeles
Columbia, Missouri Los Angeles, California
[email protected] [email protected]
herbert d.g. maschner torben c. rick
Idaho State Unversity Smithsonian Institution
Pocatello, Idaho Washington, D.C.
[email protected] [email protected]
iain mckechnie adrian r. whitaker
University of British Columbia Far Western
Vancouver, BC, Canada Davis, California
[email protected] [email protected]
sarah mellinger rebecca j. wigen
University of California, Santa Barbara Pacifi c Identifi cations, Inc.
Santa Barbara, California Victoria, BC, Canada
[email protected] [email protected]
madonna l. moss
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon
[email protected]
viii contributors
1
People, Pinnipeds, and Sea Otters
of the Northeast Pacifi c
Torben C. Rick, Todd J. Braje, and Robert L. DeLong
M
arine mammals, such as
polar 2002; Colten 2002; Corbett et al. 2008; Crock-
bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, and wal- ford and Frederick 2007; Domning et al. 2007;
ruses, are an extraordinary group of organ- Erlandson al. 2005; Etnier 2002a, 2002b, 2004,
isms, many of which maintain a link to both 2007; Giff ord-G onzalez et al. 2005; Hilde-
aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Often highly in- brandt and Jones 1992, 2002; Jones and Hilde-
telligent with sophisticated communication sys- brandt 1995; Lyman 1991, 1995, 2003; Moss et al.
tems, marine mammals are a fundamental com- 2006; Newsome et al. 2007; Porcasi et al. 2000;
ponent of marine ecosystems around the world Rick et al. 2009). The large terrestrial breeding
(Berta et al. 2005; Riedman 1990). Human in- colonies of some pinnipeds have made them
teraction with seals, sea otters, and other ma- highly susceptible to human hunting in the dis-
rine mammals spans millennia and the entire tant and near past. During the fur and oil trade
globe (Erlandson 2001; Etnier 2007; Hilde- of the 18th and 19th centuries, for example, hu-
brandt and Jones 1992; Klein and Cruz-U ribe man hunting of pinnipeds and sea otters deci-
1996; Lyman 1995; McNiven and Beddingfeld mated marine mammal populations, causing
2008; Monks 2005a; Nagaoka 2002; Stringer the extirpation of local populations of sea otters
et al. 2008). Containing large amounts of meat, (Enhydra lutris), Guadalupe fur seals (Arctoceph-
oil, ivory, and other important raw material and alus townsendi), and northern elephant seals
dietary resources, pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, (Mirounga angustirostris) and the extinction of
and walruses) and sea otters have been hunted the Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas; Ellis
and scavenged by people in the northeastern 2003; Ogden 1941; Scammon 1968). Archaeo-
Pacifi c for much of the Holocene or earlier (Braje logical data demonstrate that human impacts
2010; Broughton 1994, 1999; Burton et al. 2001, on marine mammals in the more distant past
Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacifi c, edited by
Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick. Copyright © by The Regents of the University of California. All rights of reproduction
in any form reserved.
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