High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting

673 Pages·2010·19.13 MB·English

by  Erik Reinhard

H I G H D Y N A M I C
RANGE I M A G I N G
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HIGH DYNAMIC
R A N G E I M A G I N G
ACQUISITION, DISPLAY, AND IMAGE-BASED LIGHTING
Second Edition
ERIK REINHARD GREG WARD
SUMANTA PATTANAIK PAUL DEBEVEC
WOLFGANG HEIDRICH KAROL MYSZKOWSKI
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Highdynamicrangeimaging:acquisition,display,andimage-based
lighting/Erik
Reinhard...[etal.].–2nded.
p.cm.–(TheMorganKaufmannseriesincomputergraphics)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-12-374914-7(alk.paper)
1.Highdynamicrangeimaging.2.Photography–Digitaltechniques.
3.Photography–Printingprocesses.4.Imageprocessing.
5.Electroluminescentdisplaysystems.6.Computergraphics.I.Reinhard,
Erik,1968–
TR594.H542010
771–dc22
2010005628
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Contents
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XV
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XVII
01 INTRODUCTION 1
02 LIGHT AND COLOR 19
2.1 Radiometry 19
2.2 Photometry 25
2.3 Colorimetry 28
2.4 ColorSpaces 34
2.5 WhitePointandIlluminants 36
2.6 SpectralSharpening 47
2.7 ColorOpponentSpaces 48
2.7.1 CIELUV 56
2.7.2 CIELAB 58
2.7.3 IPT 59
2.8 ColorCorrection 61
2.9 ColorAppearance 61
2.9.1 CIECAM02 66
2.9.2 Refinements 72
2.10 DisplayGamma 77
2.11 BrightnessEncoding 80
2.12 StandardRGBColorSpaces 82
vii
viii CONTENTS
03 HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE IMAGE ENCODINGS 91
3.1 Low-versusHighDynamicRangeEncodings 91
3.2 ApplicationsofHDRImages 93
3.3 HDRImageFormats 95
3.3.1 TheHDRFormat 96
3.3.2 TheTIFFFloatandLogLuvFormats 98
3.3.3 TheOpenEXRFormat 103
3.3.4 OtherEncodings 104
3.3.5 “Lossy”HDRFormats 105
3.3.6 Microsoft’sHDPhotoFormat 110
3.4 HDREncodingComparison 110
3.5 Conclusions 117
04 HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE VIDEO ENCODINGS 119
4.1 CustomHDRVideoCoding 123
4.1.1 ColorSpaceforLossyHDRPixelEncoding 123
4.1.2 MPEG-4ExtensiontoHDRVideo 130
4.1.3 AnHDRVideoPlayer 133
4.2 Backwards-CompatibleHDRVideoCompression 136
4.2.1 HDRMPEG-4Visual 137
4.2.2 ScalableBit-depthCodingintheH.264/AVC
Framework 141
05 HDR IMAGE CAPTURE 145
5.1 PhotographyandLightMeasurement 145
5.1.1 CameraRAW 147
5.2 HDRImageCapturefromMultipleExposures 148
5.3 FilmScanning 151
5.4 ImageRegistration/Alignment 154
5.5 TheMedianThresholdBitmapAlignmentTechnique 155
5.5.1 ThresholdNoise 161
5.5.2 OverallAlgorithm 164
CONTENTS ix
5.5.3 EfficiencyConsiderations 167
5.5.4 Results 168
5.5.5 AddingRotationalAlignment 169
5.6 OtherAlignmentMethods 170
5.7 DerivingtheCameraResponseFunction 171
5.7.1 DebevecandMalikTechnique 171
5.7.2 MitsunagaandNayarTechnique 174
5.7.3 ChoosingImageSamplesforResponseRecovery 177
5.7.4 DerivingSampleValuesfromHistograms 181
5.7.5 CaveatsandCalibration 182
5.8 NoiseRemoval 183
5.9 GhostRemoval 185
5.10 LensFlareRemoval 188
5.10.1 ThePointSpreadFunction 190
5.10.2 EstimatingthePSF 193
5.10.3 RemovingthePSF 196
5.11 HDRCaptureHardware 198
5.11.1 CaptureofMultipleExposures 198
5.11.2 ViperFilmStream 200
5.11.3 Panavision 201
5.11.4 Pixim 201
5.11.5 SpheronVR 202
5.11.6 WeissAG 202
5.12 Conclusion 203
06 DISPLAY DEVICES AND PRINTING
TECHNOLOGIES 205
6.1 DisplayTechnologies 205
6.1.1 CathodeRayTubes 206
6.1.2 PlasmaDisplays 208
6.1.3 LiquidCrystalDisplays 209
6.1.4 ReflectiveDisplayTechnologies 213