Herpesviruses and Immunity

331 Pages·2002·2.585 MB·English

by  Patricia L. Ward, Bernard Roizman (auth.), Peter G. Medveczky, Herman Friedman, Mauro Bendinelli (eds.)

Herpesviruses
and Immunity
INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENESIS
Series Editors: Mauro Bendinelli, University of Pisa
Herman Friedman, University of South Florida
College of Medicine
Recent volumes in the series:
DNA TUMOR VIRUSES
Oncogenic Mechanisms
Edited by Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano, Mauro Bendinelli, and
Herman Friedman
ENTERIC INFECTIONS AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Lois J. Paradise, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
FUNGAL INFECTIONS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES
Edited by Juneann W. Murphy, Herman Friedman, and
Mauro Bendinelli
HERPESVIRUSES AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Peter G. Medveczky, Herman Friedman, and
Mauro Bendinelli
MICROORGANISMS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Edited by Herman Friedman, Noel R. Rose, and Mauro Bendinelli
NEUROPATHOGENIC VIRUSES AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AS AN OPPORTUNISTIC
PATHOGEN
Edited by Mario Campa, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
PULMONARYINFECTIONSAND IMMUNITY
Edited by Herman Chmel, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
RAPID DETECTIONOFINFECTIOUSAGENTS
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
RICKETTSIALINFECTIONAND IMMUNITY
Edited by Burt Anderson, Herman Friedman, and Mauro Bendinelli
VIRUS-INDUCEDIMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
deliveryofeach new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only
upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Herpesviruses
and Immunity
Edited by
Peter G. Medveczky
and
Herman Friedman
Universityof SouthFloridaCollegeofMedicine
Tampa, Florida
and
Mauro Bendinelli
University of Pisa
Pisa, Italy
.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York / Boston / Dordrecht / London / Moscow
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Print ISBN: 0-306-45890-X
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Contributors
.
JENS-CHRISTIANALBRECHT Institut für Klinische und Molekulare
Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054
Erlangen, Germ.any
ANNM.ARVIN DepartmentofPediatricsandMicrobiology/Immunol-
ogy,StanfordUniversity.School of Medicine,Stanford,California 94305
SALLYS.ATHERTON Department of CellularandStructuralBiology,
UniversityofTexasHealthSciencesCenteratSanAntonio,SanAntonio,
.
Texas 78284-7762
DAVID C.BLOOM DepartmentofMicrobiology,Arizona StateUniver-
sity, Tempe, Arizona.85287-2701
BERNADETTE DUTIA Department of Veterinary Pathology, The Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, Summerh.all, Edinburgh EH9 1Q H, Scotland
BERNHARD FLECKENSTEIN Institut für Klinische und Molekulare
Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91 054
Erlangen, Germany
PETER GECK Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts Uni-
versityHealthScienceSchools,Boston,Massachusetts0211 1
HARTMUT HENGEL Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und
Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Lehrstuhl Virologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Uni-
versität München, D-80336 München, Germany
GEORGE KLEIN Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Ka-
rolinska Institutet,S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
ULRICH H. KOSZINOWSKI Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene
und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Lehrstuhl Virologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universität München, D-80336 München, Germany
V
vi CONTRIBUTORS
.
TAKESHIKURATA DepartmentofPathology,NationalInstituteofIn-
fectiousDiseases,Tokyo162, Japan
PATRICK S. MOORE Division ofEpidemiology, ColumbiaUniversity
Schoolof PublicHealth,NewYork,NewYork 10032
ANDREW J. MORGAN Department of Pathology and Microbiology,
School of Medical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 lTD, En-
gland
.
ANTHONYA.NASH DepartmentofVeterinaryPathology,TheUniver-
sityof Edinburgh,Summerhall,EdinburghEH9 1QH,Scotland
FRANK NEIPEL Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie,
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Ger-
many
SONJA J. OLSEN Divisionof Epidemiology,ColumbiaUniversitySchool
of Public Health, New York, New York 10032
BERNARD ROIZMAN The Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Labora-
tories, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
BARRY T. ROUSE Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845
TAKESHI SAIRENJI Department of Biosignaling, School of Life Science,
Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683; and Department of
Pathology, National Institute of InfectiousDiseases,Tokyo162,Japan
JAMESP.STEWART Department of VeterinaryPathology,TheUniver-
sity of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1 QH, Scotland
DAVID A. THORLEY-LAWSON Department of Pathology, Tufts Uni-
versity School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 021 1 1
EDWARD J. USHERWOOD Department of Veterinary Pathology, The
University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1Q H, Scotland;
present address: Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 381 05
EDWARD K. WAGNER Department ofMolecular Biology and Bio-
chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900
CONTRIBUTORS vii
PATRICIA L. WARD The Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laborato-
ries, The Unive.rsity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
HANS J. WOLF Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Medizinischen,
Fakultätder UniversitätRegensberg,D-93053Regensberg, Germany
Preface to the Series
The mechanisms of disease production by infectious agents are presently the focus
ofan unprecedented flowering of studies. The field has undoubtedly received
impetus from the considerable advances recently made in the understanding of
the structure, biochemistry, and biology of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other
parasites. Another contributing factor is our improved knowledge of immune
responsesand other adaptive or constitutive mechanisms by which hosts react to
infection. Furthermore, recombinant DNA technology, monoclonal antibodies,
and other newer methodologies have provided the technical tools for examining
questions previously considered too complex to be successfully tackled. The most
important incentive of all is probably the regenerated idea that infection might be
the initiating event in many clinical entities presently classified as idiopathic or of
uncertain origin.
Infectious pathogenesis research holds great promise. As more information is
uncovered, it is becoming increasingly apparent that our present knowledge of the
pathogenic potential of infectious agents is often limited to the most noticeable
effects, which sometimes represent only the tip of the iceberg. For example, it is
now well appreciated that pathologic processes caused by infectious agents may
emerge clinically after an incubation of decades and may result from genetic,
immunologic, and other indirect routes more than from the infecting agent in
itself. Thus, there is a general expectation that continued investigation will lead to
the isolation of new agents of infection, the identification of hitherto unsuspected
etiologic correlations, and, eventually, more effective approaches to prevention
and therapy.
Studies on the mechanisms of disease caused by infectious agents demand a
breadth of understanding across many specialized areas, as well as much coopera-
tionbetweenclinicians and experimentalists. The series Infectious Agents and Patho-
genesisis intended not only to document the state of the art in this fascinating and
challenging field but also to help lay bridges among diverse areas and people.
M. Bendinelli
H. Friedman
ix
Preface
Although virology and immunology are now considered separate disciplines,
historyshowsthattheseareasofinvestigationalwaysoverlappedand one cannot
really exist without the other. This trend has become particularly significant and
fruitful in the past few years in the area of herpesvirus research. The genomes of
the most importantherpesviruseshavebeen sequenced, asignificantportionof
their genes have been identified, and many secrets of regulation of gene expres-
sion have been unraveled. Now this progress sets the stage for a true revolution in
herpesvirus research: analysis of interactions between the host and the virus.
Because herpesviruses can induce, suppress, and fool the immune system, the
most productive herpesvirologists are also expert immunologists, and the current
resultsofthisinterdisciplinaryeffortaretrulyremarkable.
Because herpesviruses cause many important human diseases, the develop-
ment of vaccines against these agents is a very significant goal. This effort is also
very challenging because of the complexity of herpesviruses and the lack of
sufficient information about immune responses.
The remarkable ability of herpesviruses to escape immune responses is an-
other feature that brings immunology and virology together. Herpesviruses en-
code many proteins that interact with and down-regulate some key elements of
theimmunesystem.Thispropertyof herpesvirusesrepresentsamajorchallenge
in developing strategies against these viruses. On the positive side, these viral
proteins also provide novel tools for analyzing specific immune reactions and
molecular mechanisms.
The gamma subgroup of herpesviruses have two additional links to immu-
nology. These viruses undergo latency in immune cells and, in some instances,
participate in oncogenic transformation of T or B cells. Moreover, these viruses
encode several genes transduced from the host, such as lymphokines, cellular
receptors, and complement control genes. Herpesviruses probably use these
pirated protein products of the immune system to aid their survival in the in-
fected host.
xi
xii PREFACE
The aim of this book is to present reviews by internationally renowned
herpesvirus virologists and immunologists summarizing their work and some of
the exciting newer developments in the field of herpes virology. The book is not
intended to be a comprehensive work on herpesviruses but is designed to provide
an in-depth analysis of “cutting-edge” areas of herpesvirus research. For example,
the first chapter by Drs. Patricia Ward and Bernard Roizman of The University
of Chicago describes evasive strategies of human herpesviruses against host de-
fenses. The immunopathology of herpesvirus infection is discussed by Drs. Barry
Rouse and Sally Atherton. Then Drs. Edward Wagner and David Bloom discuss
gene expression by herpesviruses during latent infections and reactivation. Dr.
Peter Geck (Chapter 4) and Drs. Sonja Olsen and Patrick Moore (Chapter 5)
describe Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and herpesvirus saimiri effects on
T lymphocytes and lymphokines. There is then a review of the immunobiology of
murine gamma herpesvirus by Drs. Stewart, Usherwood, Dutia, and Nash.
Dr. George Klein (Chapter 7) and Drs. Takeshi Sairenji and Takeshi Ka-
rada (Chapter 8) discuss the Epstein–Barr virus infection and discuss the role of
the immune response and its role in induction of tumors. Dr. David A. Thorley-
Lawson discusses EB virus persistence in vivo and to evasion of the immune
response. Drs. Wolf and Morgan provide a summary regarding EBV vaccine
development. Drs. Hartmut Hengel and Ulrich H. Koszinowski discuss cyto-
megalovirus effects on MHC class I functions. Dr. Ann Arvin discusses cellular
immunity and its role in controlling varicella-zoster virus infection. Drs. Jens-
Christian Albrecht, Frank Neipel, and Bernhard Fleckenstein discuss the effects of
rhadinoviruses on the complement system of the immune response.
It is anticipated by the editors of this volume that the readers of the book will
include both immunologists and virologists as well as pre- and postdoctoral stu-
dents and their mentors. The editors are confident that newer developments in
the field of herpesvirus immunology and pathogenesis will continue to stimulate
interest in the field of virology and immunology. It is anticipated that the discov-
ery of newer knowledge will occur as rapidly in the future as it has in the past. The
editors of the volume are grateful for the time and effort of all contributors. The
editors also thank Ms. Ilona M. Friedman for invaluable assistance as editorial
coordinator and managing editor for the preparation of this volume. We also
thank the editorial staff of Plenum Publishing for their invaluable assistance.
Peter G. Medveczky
Herman Friedman
Mauro Bendinelli