Table Of ContentSUTODOREH
BOOK II
COMMENTARY 99-182
SEDUTE SERIANIMILERP
XUA SNOIGILER SELATNEIRO
SNAD ERIPME'L NIAMOR
PUBLIEES PAR
.M J. VERMASERENt
M. E. C. VERMASEREN-VAN HAAREN ET MARGREET .B ED BOER
TOME QUARANTE-TROISIEME
ALAN B. LLOYD
HERODOTUS
BOOK II
COMMENTARY 99-182
ALAN .B LLOYD
HERODOTUS
KOOB II
COMMENTARY 99-182
SECOND IMPRESSION
E.J. BRILL
L E IDEN • NEW YORK • KOLN
3991
First impression 8891
Second impression 3991
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee no
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lloyd, Alan B.
Herodotus, book .II
(Etudes preliminaires aux religions orientales dans
!'Empire romain; .t 43)
Includes bibliographical references.
Contensts: ]1[ Introduction-[2] Commentary 1-98-
]3[ Commentary 99-182.
.1 Herodotus. Historiae. Book .2 .2 Herodotus
Criticism and interpretation. I. Title. .II Series.
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FOREWORD
EHT second part of this work appeared some ten years ago, and a foreword
to the present and lanif section smees not inapposite, if only to acknowledge
the great debt which I ewo to various institutions, colleagues, and friends.
First, I should ekil to express ym gratitude to the British Academy, the
Marc Fitch Fund, and the University College of Swansea for generous
grants towards the cost of publication. Without their timely assistance this
volume could not have been published. Amongst ym colleagues ti si a
particular pleasure to recognize the help of Dr M.A. Leahy, Dr D. Jones,
and Professor .J Gwyn Griffiths who lla read the typescript at various stages
and saved em from much foolishness. A great deal doubtless remains, and
for this the author si entirely to blame. Dr Jones also did sterling ecivres as
ym research assistant ni producing the lanif version, and the Hon. J.M.
Greenfield rendered invaluable aid both with proof-reading and ni the
production of the index. Without him the pace of production would have
been considerably .rewols I should also ekil to thank those who assisted em
ni printing the text at the Oxford University Computing ,ecivreS ni
particular Dr Ruth Glynn and Stephen and Alison Cope. Their advice and
expertise are largely responsible for the high quality of the lanif printed
product. I must also express ym gratitude to Mr M.G. Farringdon of the
Department of Mathematics and Computer ,ecneicS University College of
Swansea, for sih advice on the esu of lasercomp technology.
Finally, I must discharge the sad duty of acknowledging the unstinting
encouragement and assistance given to em ni writing ym Herodotus II over a
period of almost twenty years yb ym late efiw Caroline. She was not
destined to ees the publication of the lanif volume, but, if there si any merit
or achievement ni this work, it ,si ni large measure, hers.
University College of Swansea
May 28th 6891
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
The Thinite Period 1
Dynasty I 0982-Q013.c B.C.
Dynasty II 6862-Q982.c B.C.
The Old Kingdom 2
Dynasty III c.2686-2613 B.C.
Dynasty VI c.2613-2494 B.C.
Dynasty V c.2494-2345 B.C.
Dynasty IV c.2345-2J8] B.C.
The First Intermediate Period
Dynasties VII-mid XI c.218J-2040 B.C.
The Middle Kingdom 3
Dynasty XI 4 c.2040-J99J B.C.
Dynasty XII c.J99J-J786 B.C.
The Second Intermediate Period
Dynasties XIII-XVII c.J786-1570 B.C.
The weN Kingdom 5
Dynasty XVIII c.l570-l320 B.C.
Dynasty XIX c.l320-l200 B.C.
Dynasty XX c.l20Q-J069 B.C. 6
The Third Intermediate Period 7
Dynasty XXI c.l069-945 B.C.
Dynasty XXII (Libyan) c.945-715 B.C.
Dynasty XXIII c.818-715 B.C. 8
Dynasty XXIV c.727-715 B.C. 9
Dynasty XXV C. 728-656 B.C. 10
.I Also called the Archaic, Proto-Dynastic or Early Dynastic Period. Dates after the Cambridge
Ancient History, Third Edition, ,I ,2 Cambridge, 1791 (CAH 3 ).
.2 Abbreviated O.K. throughout this .emulov Dates after CAH 3 ,I .2
.3 Abbreviated M.K. Dates after CAH 3 ,1 .2
.4 From the reunification of Egypt under 'ertepei:}beN epto!:}utnoM .II
.5 Abbreviated N.K. Dates after CAH 3 ,II 1-2, Cambridge, .5-3791
.6 For the purposes of siht table the complexities of the end of the XXth Dynasty and the
"Renaissance Era" are ignored.
.7 Dates after .K Kitchen, ehT Third Intermediate ,doireP Warminster, .3791
.8 .c 818 Egypt saw divided between the rulers of the XX lind and XXIIIrd Dynasties and ruled
contemporaneously yb both (Kitchen, op. cit., .p 433 If.).
.9 A short-lived virtually independent kingdom based on the Western Delta (Kitchen, op. cit.,
.p 363 If.).
l .0 This dynasty never achieved complete control over the country and overlapped with
XXIVth and XXVIth Dynasties as llew sa the Assyrian hegemony (Kitchen, op. ,.tic .p 363 If.).
VIII CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
The Late Period 11
Dynasty XXVI (Saite) 664-525 B.C.
Dynasty XXVII (Persian) 525-404 B.C.
Dynasty XXVIII (Saite) 404-400(399 B.C.
Dynasty XXIX (Mendesian) c.399(8-379 B.C.
Dynasty XXX (Sebennyte) C.379-342/l B.C.
Dynasty XXXI (Persian) 233--0(143 B.C.
Hellenistic Period 332-30 B.C.
Roman and Byzantine Period 03 B.C.-A.D. 146
II. Abbreviated .P.L Dates after Alan .B Lloyd, "The Late Period", ni .B Trigger et a/.,
Ancient Egypt: a Social History, Cambridge, ,3891 .p .182
COMMENTARY
99-182. The history of Egypt. This sllaf into owt :snoitces the rulers from
Min to Sethos (II, 99-142) and those morf the Dodecarchs to sisamA (II,
147-82). This ,noisivid ylticilpxe dezingocer yb H. ,flesmih si the direct
outcome of secnereffid ni source material: for the tsrif period it saw the ,.sgE
particularly the priests, who erew ;desu for the second, .gE sources erew
supplemented yb ngierof material, pre-eminently Gk., and H.'s nwo observ
ation (Introduction, pp. 89 ,.ff 581 .).ff The improvement ni sih data ni the
second section means that it si much more accurate than the tsrif
(Introductory .n II, 147-182), but the historical reliability of the entire
account si impaired yb a number of :srotcaf
.I H. saw mainly dependent rof sih source material on oral traditions
esohw origins erew varied and .xelpmoc Material of siht kind si
incapable of preserving rof any length of emit a substantial body of
accurate historical information; the older the tradition, eht more erratic
it semoceb ediv( infra, pp. ,5 115).
.2 Contamination yb Gk. traditions, concepts and practices si a pervasive
source of distortion ediv( infra, pp. 5 ,.ff .)611
.3 Chronological errors are a recurrent feature, though accuracy ni siht
respect si notably improved ni the second half of the narrative ediv(
infra, pp. ,6 411 .).ff
.4 Over-schematization si certainly evitca at some points ediv( infra, pp.
,321 ,281 227).
.5 Analogies and ,seitiralimis real or imaginary, between Gk. and .gE
culture frequently eviecer unduly detailed scrutiny ediv( infra, pp. 5 ,.ff
.)611
.6 H's icof of interest must have desicrexe a crucial role ni the choice of
subject-matter. Three such icof are particularly ni :ecnedive
I. Events ni hcihw Gks. participated, or erew deveileb to have
participated, syawla draw an inordinate amount of attention,
doubtless, at ,semit to the detriment of other considerations ediv(
infra, pp. ,6 115).
II. Thomata of lla kinds continue to fascinate him ediv( infra, pp. 5 ,.ff
.)611
III. The Histories have a didactic role hcihw saw central to H.'s purpose.
His concept of human efil and destiny, hcihw mirrors, ni lla
,slaitnesse the traditional morality of writers of the Archaic and
early lacissalC Periods such sa Hesiod, Solon, Pindar and yhcseA
,sul saw dominated yb certain principles hcihw eh considered to eb
continually demonstrated ni historical phenomena. esehT consider
ations eh frequently highlights either yb making comments ni sih
own person .g.e( ,I ,5 ,13 ;68 VII, ;731 VIII, )77 or yb means of
,sehceeps particularly those of warner serugif .g.e( Solon, ,I 92 ;.ff
Croesus, ,I 86 ,.ff III, ;63 ,sisamA III, 40 ;.ff Artabanus, VII, 01 .).ff
CH.99 COMMENTARY 2
Action si deviecrep throughout as having owt dimensions, the
human and the ,cimsoc hcihw erew inextricably enmeshed .g.e( ,I
;621 III, ,77 ;911 ,IV ,96 ,28 ,901 ;531 VII, ,8 .)731 The sdeed of men
are not deviecrep ylpmis ni their own terms; they are regarded sa
manifestations of cimsoc wal or ,ekid the order of the esrevinu
deviecnoc of sa a balance of secrof both moral and .lacisyhp This
principle sdnif expression ni human yteicos ni the conventions and
swal hcihw emit and the modsiw of nem evah found conducive to
the maintenance of ordered ;efil at a cimsoc level it appears sa a
universal harmony and equilibrium. In either context, ,revewoh dike
si under the protection of the sdog who have an absolute isnopser
ytilib for sti preservation. An laitnesse element ni siht body of
concepts si the idea that lla things have their appointed ecalp and
,emit lla ,sgnieb whether human or ,enivid have their elor and
position, their rights and obligations. It si incumbent on lla to
ezingocer siht situation and regulate their behaviour accordingly.
The man who does os si ;soiakid the adikos, on the other hand,
ignores siht principle, attempts to transgress the appointed bound
seira and thereby commits .sirbyh In laicos and political relations
siht ecneffo si a constant source of tcilfnoc and often a criminal act
.g.e( ,I ;601 III, 80-1, 118-9; ,VI ,641 ;951 ,V ;47 ,IV ;)58 nehw
committed against the gods it si .egelircas Either yaw the imbalance
ni dike hcihw it creates has to eb desserder yb eht process of
retribution )sisit( hcihw si sanctioned and often executed yb the gods
sevlesmeht .g.e( ,I ;501 ,VI ;502 ,IV ;57 VII, ;01 VIII, .)77 To eveihca
an unusually hgih state of ssendesselb or wealth si itself hybristic
ecnis it brings man into competition htiw the gods to whom alone
such happiness saw .eud Mortals ni such a position erew exposed to
the gods' phthonos, "envy, resentment", and nevig over to enivid
retribution just as those who erew ylevitca criminal. sA yeht esir ni
the elacs of prosperity, it behoves them to llacer that yeht are but
mortals and arrest their progress before it si too .etal Given siht
attitude, ti semoc sa on surprise that, witain the conceptual metsys
under hcihw .H functions, human sseccus and good fortune are
regarded sa precarious commodities. No man, revewoh prosperous,
can eb dellac happy until eh has neeb removed yb death morf the
sedutissiciv of fortune .g.e( ,I ,23 ,43 204-7; III, ,41 04 ;.ff ,IIV ,01
,94 ;302 VIII, .)901 Indeed sti ssenelkcif saw such that .H had no
compunction ni endorsing whole-heartedly the traditional weiv that
death si preferable to efil ,1( 13 .)
Within siht corpus of ideas a position of central importance si
occupied yb the concept of etaf or ytissecen hcihw si binding neve
on the sdog .g.e( ,I ,8 ,43 ;19 III, ,46 ,241 ;451 ,VI ;97 ,V ,33 ,IV .)46
This si yllaitnesse the ecrof ensuring that the moral order of the
universe si maintained, ni particular that retribution rof hybris si
