Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention and Management

345 Pages·2019·4.807 MB·English

by  J. Chase McNeil, Judith R. Campbell, Jonathan D. Crews

Healthcare-
Associated Infections
in Children
A Guide to Prevention and
Management
J. Chase McNeil
Judith R. Campbell
Jonathan D. Crews
Editors
123
Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children
J. Chase McNeil • Judith R. Campbell
Jonathan D. Crews
Editors
Healthcare-Associated
Infections in Children
A Guide to Prevention
and Management
Editors
J. Chase McNeil Judith R. Campbell
Department of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics
Section of Infectious Diseases Section of Infectious Diseases
Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Baylor College of Medicine and Texas
Children’s Hospital Children’s Hospital
Houston, TX Houston, TX
USA USA
Jonathan D. Crews
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine and The
Children’s Hospital of San Antonio
San Antonio, TX
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-98121-5 ISBN 978-3-319-98122-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957095
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my wife, Carrie
-
To my sons, Noah and Sam
To my parents, Mark and Terri, and my sister,
Tanis
-J. Chase McNeil
To my wife, Lindsey
To my children, Will, Samuel, Sophie, and
Ellie
To my parents
-Jonathan D. Crews
To my husband, Reese, and our children,
Matthew, Emily, and Joseph
-Judith R. Campbell
Thank you for your love and support.
Preface
Continual advances in the field of medicine have allowed for countless patients to
survive and have improved quality of life in the face of diseases that were once
untreatable. These achievements include antibiotics, antineoplastic chemotherapeu-
tic agents, medical devices, and improved surgical techniques to just name a few.
Unfortunately, with these lifesaving interventions comes the potential for harm to
the patient, principal among which is the risk for serious infection. Children in
many ways are more challenging in this regard than their adult counterparts given
their unique microbiology and epidemiology of infection, distinct pharmacology,
and varied physiologic development. Furthermore, there is a relative paucity of data
on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of these infections in children com-
pared to adults.
In this text, Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention
and Management, we have sought to provide an overview of the most common
infections in children associated with the provision of medical care. This text
includes contributions from authors with a wide array of expertise including pediat-
ric infectious diseases, infection control and prevention, critical care medicine, hos-
pital medicine, nephrology, oncology, and pediatric surgical subspecialties. It is our
hope that this text will serve as a learning resource for students and medical trainees
as well as a source of guidance to practicing clinicians caring for children in these
often challenging situations. While we have strived to include the most up-to-date
research and evidence-based practice guidelines, given the breadth and pace of
advancements in medical knowledge, no single text can be truly comprehensive.
Thus, while the information in this text may serve as a reference and starting place
in patient management, sound clinical judgment must be exercised at all times.
This endeavor is the consequence of the work and influence of countless people,
both directly and indirectly. We would like to acknowledge the many contributors to
this text for their informative chapters. In addition, we extend our thanks to the edi-
torial staff at Springer for their assistance with and interest in this project. We must
also express thanks to our patients and their families for challenging us to be
vii
viii Preface
excellent clinicians who practice state-of-the-art care while minimizing risks to
patients. Additionally we must recognize the tremendous impact of each of our
numerous mentors, teachers, and colleagues who have shaped us as physicians and
researchers. Finally, we wish to thank our respective institutions for providing envi-
ronments supportive of academic pursuits.
Houston, TX, USA J. Chase McNeil, MD
Houston, TX, USA Judith R. Campbell, MD
San Antonio, TX, USA Jonathan D. Crews, MD, MS
Contents
Part I O verview of Infection Control and Prevention
1 Basic Principles of Infection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Catherine E. Foster and Judith R. Campbell
2 The Role of the Environment and Colonization
in Healthcare- Associated Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Julie D. Wohrley and Allison H. Bartlett
3 Role of Antimicrobial Stewardship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sarah Kubes and Luis A. Castagnini
4 Infection Control and the Need for Family-/Child-Centered Care . . 57
John Darby and Carla Falco
Part II M ajor Healthcare-Associated Infection Syndromes
5 Fever in the Hospitalized or Critically Ill Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
J. Chase McNeil
6 Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) . . . . . . . . 95
Galit Holzmann-Pazgal
7 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Amy S. Arrington
8 Infections Complicating Abdominal Surgery Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 125
Lucila Marquez
9 Infections Complicating Orthopedic Surgery and Implants . . . . . . . 133
Zachary Stinson, Scott Rosenfeld, and J. Chase McNeil
10 Infections Complicating Neurosurgical Procedures/Devices . . . . . . . 153
William Whitehead and J. Chase McNeil
11 Infections Complicating Cardiothoracic Surgery
and Cardiac Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Jesus G. Vallejo, J. Chase McNeil, and Judith R. Campbell
ix
x Contents
12 Healthcare-Associated Gastrointestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Jonathan D. Crews
13 Healthcare-Associated Urinary Tract Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Ann-Christine Nyquist
14 Healthcare-Associated Viral Infections: Considerations
for Nosocomial Transmission and Infection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Gail J. Demmler-Harrison
Part III Infections in Vulnerable Hosts
15 Healthcare-Associated Infections in the NICU: A Brief Review . . . . 261
J. B. Cantey
16 Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic
Stem Cell Transplant Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Ankhi Dutta and Ricardo Flores
17 Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation . . . 301
Blanca E. Gonzalez and Johanna Goldfarb
18 Infections in Pediatric Patients with End- Stage Renal Disease . . . . . 323
Ayse Akcan- Arikan, Sarah J. Swartz, and Poyyapakkam R. Srivaths
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Contributors
Ayse Akcan-Arikan, MD Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Critical Care
Medicine and Renal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Amy S. Arrington, MD, PhD Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Global Biologic
Preparedness, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX,
USA
Allison H. Bartlett, MD, MS Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious
Diseases, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Judith R. Campbell, MD Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases,
Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
J. B. Cantey, MD Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Luis A. Castagnini, MD, MPH Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious
Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine and The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio,
San Antonio, TX, USA
Jonathan D. Crews, MD, MS Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious
Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio,
TX, USA
John Darby, MD Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Gail J. Demmler-Harrison, MD Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Infectious Diseases Service, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Ankhi Dutta, MD, MPH Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious
Diseases, Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,
USA
Carla Falco, MD Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hospital Medicine, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
xi