Hayes Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III Part 1 - iMalqata

34 Pages·2007·1.51 MB·English

InscriptionsfromthePalace ofAmenhotepIII
WilliamC.Hayes
JournalofNearEasternStudies,Vol.10,No.2.(Apr.,1951),pp.82-112.
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INSCRIPTIONS FROhI THE PALACE OF AMENHOTEP I11
WILLIAM C. HAYES
u
I. THE JAR-LARELS-CO~~Z~U(~7r~p,~ "~wine"; srnzt, "ale"; <d, "fat"; iu'f,
NLIKE those from Tell el Amama48 '(meat"; ~ntr",i ncense"; and SO on); (c) a
and other sites,4g the jar-labels modifying adjective or phrase indicating
from the palace of Amenhotep 111 the quality, form, type, color, consistency,
shon- variation in the "for- or other special characteristic of the con-
tents of the jar-"very good" (wine),
mulaen employed, so that any general
(wine) "for offerings," "fresh" (fat), (fat)
classification on this basis is imprac-
((of lleshT\esh hulls" or "of goats,"
ticable. There are, hol\-ever, eight distinct
"dressed" (meat), "sweet" (oil), "clear"
items of information concerning the con-
tents of the jars, at least one of ~ ~ ]is~ Oir ~("ehd" (hone?.), "shelled" (beans); (d)
in the case of a fen- liquids and granular
found in every label and most of
substances? a statement of the quantity,
occur all together, in more or less fixed
Or amount, expressed in Pints (hnw), gal-
order, in the longest and most complete
examples (e.g., N ~13~0, .131, 142, 143, lons (hk:t),mn(w)-measures, etc. (see Kos.
158-61). These items are: (a) the date on 209, 86, 232-34, 60, 42); (e) a reference to
Tvhicht he contents ofthej ar prepared the specific occasion, or purpose, for nhich
and packed, given usually only in terms of the food or drink contained in the jar TI as
regnal years (h3t-sp)50 of Amenhotep 111, prepared (e.g., "for the repetition of is
AIajesty's Sed-festival," "for the Feast of
but in the cases of certain substances like
O~et";) (5) a designation of the source of
animal fats and vegetable oils \\-here fresh-
ness Tvas of prime importance including supply, be it a foreign land, a district or
also designations of the season, month, to~vnshipo f Egypt, a royal or private es-
and day of the civil calendar (see r\ros. tate, or a particular vineyard, stockyard,
126, 138, 142, 143, 197, 219); (b)the name Or shop; (g) the name and title of the of-
of the contained in the jar f i d w ho contributed the jar and its con-
tents, either as a private donor or in his
4- The photographs transcript~ons and much of capacity as the superintendent of a royal
the other mater~alo n which the follou~ngd iscuss~on
is based will be found in Sumber 1 of the current estate, the mayor of a town, or the corn-
cvloalruimtye o of f rJefSeEreSnc,e p pth. e3 5n-u5m6,b eFriignsg. 1o-f 16th eF iollru setarsaet iaonllds mander Of a loorder fortress; and,
will be made to run continuously through the four (h) the name and title of t,he specialist,
articles of this series, Figs. 1-16 occnrring in the first
article, Pigs. 17-23 in the present article, and so on. fat-~urve?.or,butcher, Or herds-
Since it is planned to publish all four articles in this man) n-ho prepared or directly supervised
one volume of the Journal textual cross-references can
the preparat'ion of the contents of the jar.
be reduced to the simple form: "See above, p. . . ."
(or "n . . ."). The jar-labels will normally be referred An inspection of the table of Figure 16
to by their type numbers-the Arabic numerals 1-260
reveals t'he striking fact that,, of the 845
(see above, Figs 4-16)-other forms of designation
(Roman numerals, letters of the alphabet, etc.) being dated found in t,he palace ruins, 711
jars51
used for the sealings, brick-stamps, ring bezels, and
were sent thither in Years 30, 34, and 37.
monumerital inscriptions.
'~dn~arn3a3,: Citu I, 165: Crit.v 11, 105. For the Of these, 649 are stat'ed in their inscrip-
full titles of the works referred to here and most
frequently hereinafter see above, p. 38. 51 The number i~~cludebso th those bearing actual
a".g., z.38,LVIII, 25-36 wyeiathr dthaete fsi rasnt dS uthdo-fsees taivssaol,c ikantoewd^ ^b yfr othme imr ainnsyc rsioputirocness
5"ee Gardiner, JA-ES, VIII, 165-71. to have been celebrated in Tear 30.
tions to he for the "Sed-festival(s) of His with their inscriptions intact because they
Majesty," and it is reasonable to suppose were used only once and then broken and
that most of the other 62 examples \\-ere discarded within the confines of the palace
for the same purpose. For the remaining
fourteen year dates T\-eh ave only 134 jars, The concentration in this area in Years
84 of which are dated to the years imme- 30, 34, and 37 of such huge quantities of
diately preceding and following those of festival supplies, sent in from many, often
the Heb-sed's and n-ere probably also, to a distant parts of the kingdom, leaves little
large extent, contributions to these fes- room for doubt that it \\-as at Thebes and
tival~T.~he~ resulting ratio of almost six- while residing in the Malkata palace that
teen inscribed jars of supplies for the Amenhotep 111celebrated his three Xed-
Sed-festivals as against every one for all festivals.
other purposes and dates seems to be In the case of the first Heb-sed the evi-
borne out by the 338 identified but un- dence of the jar-labels is purely corrobora-
dated jar-labelss3 and by the 217 unidenti- tive, for this festival is well documented as
fied fragments, a great number of which to both the locale and the date of its cele-
bear portions of the 11-ords "Heb-sed." A1- bration from other sources-notably, in
though, as 11-e go back further and further the king's temple at Soleb in Upper Ku-
into the earlier years of the reign, we are bia,55o n blocks of relief from his mortuary
prepared for a progressively rapid de- temple at Kom el Hetdn in western
crease in the number of jar-inscriptions Thebes,j6 in an inscription from the ad-
which have survived to the present day, joining temple of his great official, Amen-
we cannot possibly account on this basis hotep, the son of hap^,^^ and in the The-
alone for the existerlce of only ten labels ban tombs of t ~ oothe r prominent digni-
for Years 28 and 29 combined as against taries, the King's Scribe, Kher~efa,n~d~
229 for the immediately succeeding Year the King's Scribe, Khac-emhet.j"n the
30. Since it is obvious that hundreds of tomb of Kheruef reference is made to "the
jars of food and drink were required every Xed-festival (of Year 30) \~hichh e (the
year by a vast establishment like the king) celebrated on the 11-est of the City"
palace of Amenhotep 111, \I-e must con- (Thebes), and both here and at Soleb the
clude either that the ordinary palace sup- building in which hmenhotep I11 and
plies arrived for the most part in unlabeled
containers or that the constant re-use of 64 The fragments of almost 300 meat-jars used in
the second Sed-festival, their labels still fresh and
these containers caused them to be seat- clear, were found in a dump in the southeast corner of
tered and lost and their inscriptions ob- the forecourt of the Amfin temple (Fig. 1 See Lansing,
Bull. MMA, March. 1918, Supplen~entp.p. 8-10). No
literated, the festival jars being preserved original labels referring to a Sed-festival were found
on any of the fragments of re-used jars recovered from
5% Label Type So. 142. of which we possess two the palace ruins (see the list of these given above, on
examples, is definite proof that contributions to the p. 39).
third Heb-sed of Year 37 were still being sent in late LD.111. Pls. 83-86, Text, V, 234-39: Breasted.
j6
in the following regnal year; and the fragmentary AJSL. XXV, 89-95. Figs 50-51.
labels. Nos. 157 and 128. though dated to Pears 31
SsBorchardt. z.'%S. LXI, 37-51. Portions of the
and 32, respectively, appear to have designated the
festival are represented in the Luxor temple, Room G,
supplies which they list as being for the first Heb-sed
(of Year 30). See also Borchardt, z ~ ~LXsX,II, 53-55. east wall (Ciaget. Mbn~., 1fiss fr. C'aire, XV, Pls. 71-
7.-2,).
It is probable, for example, that 85 jars of ale ,;
jr RobichoIl and Varille, Le Temple du Scribe royal
bearing undated labels of Type So. 101 were con-
dn,enhotep, 35; Helck, Cnters,, XIV,
tributed to the first Hub-sed. The name of their donor,
the King's Scribe. Amenmose, appears in several ex- 58 SO.192. Fakhry, Ann. Serc., XLII, 491-95.
amples of the similar, but more specifically worded So 57. Brugsch, Thesaurus, V, 1123; Porter-
jg
label Type No. 103 (cf. Figs. 8 and 9). Moss. Top. Bibl., I, 89-90.
84 JOURNO~F LN E ~ R
Queen Tiy sit or nhich they leave and re- ably for several months preceding and fol-
enter "\vhile performing [the ceremonies lowing that period (see above, pp. 82-83).
of] the first Heb-sed of His hlajesty" is Of the 200 jars of supplies found in the
labeled "his palace of the House of Re- palace n-hich are designated in their labels
joicing," a name known from scores of as being for the first Heb-sed, 75 are dated
brick-stamps and other inscriptions found to Year 30; 2 fragmentary examples, Kcs.
in its ruins to have been that of the 157 and 128, to Years 31 and 32, respec-
llalkata palace complex.60S mall objects tively; and 123 are undated. None bear
associated n ith the celebration of the first civil calendar dates. Xearly all the jar-
Sed-fest~vailnclude a fa'ience box-lid from labels associated in one n-ay or another
Karnak and a group of carved bracelet n-ith the first Sed-festival are from the
plaques from the tomb of Amenhotep 111 older, southern quarter of the palace com-
in the western branch of the Biban el plex, that is, from the Palace of the Icing,
lI016k.~A~ll the dated monuments re- the Rliddle Palace, the Test Villas, the
ferred to above are unanimous in giving southern rubbish mounds, and the South
Regnal Year 30 as the year In n hich the TTillage( see Fig. I). A score or so examples
first Heb-sed as celebrated, and a number of Types 92 and 99 were found in the
TI
of them also provide us nith civil calendar ruins of the North Palace, TI-hichh ad evi-
dates of various stages in the progress of dently been built and vas in use by its
the festival. Thus, n e knon from the Soleb royal occupant (the king's eldest daugh-
and Icheruef texts that rites connected ter, Sitnm6n'.')65a s early as Regnal Year
nith it mere performed on Alonth 4 of 30.
Proyet, Day 26, on Month 2 of Shomu, In contrast to the first Heb-sed, our
Day 1,and on Month 2 of Shomu, Day 27, knowledge of Amenhotep 111's second
and from the inscription of Amenhotep, Sed-festival in Year 34 rests entirely upon
son of Hapu, that the concluding day of the evidence of the palace jar-labels. It is,
the feast was Month 3 of Shomu, Day 2- ho~rever,a copious body of evidence, 380
all in Regnal Year 30.6Yf Borchardt is of the 404 lahels dated to Year 34 contain-
correct in believing that the festival began ing the phrase "for the repetition of the
on the first day of the regnal year-that is, Heb-sed of His Majesty." Nost of these
on the anniversary of the king's accession 380 inscribed jar-fragments, to he sure,
to the throne (Month 3 of Akhet, Day 2)'j3 were found in or near the forecourt of the
-its celebration n-ould have extended Amfin temple,66a n area n-hich \\-as suh-
over a period of eight months16"vith sup- jected to far less use and disturbance than
plies, cult-statues, etc., being sent in prob- the other portions of the palace complex;
60 See \\lnlock Bull Ti M 4 1912 p 186 Lanslng, and their number probably represents a
Bull .W M -1 lIarch 1918 Supplt?ne?~t p 8 and much larger percentage of the total con-
aboTe p 35 n 2 These inscrlptior~su lll be repro-
duced and discussed in the1 th rdI a rticle of thls serles 64 Six months if we accept the alternative initial
In LD, I11 PI 86 a read for In the name of the date referred to in the preceding footnote. The state-
palace ment of Frankfort (Ki?~ushiapnd the Gods, p. 70) that
6' Hayes Bull .W W 4 1048 pp 272-79 the whole Seil-festival lasted only five days is puzzling.
0" See Borcharclt, ZAS LSXII 58-59 The conclud- since we know that a single ceremony, the "Illumir~at-
111g date (Month 3 of Shomu Daj 2) appears to be irlg of the Thrones," required that length of time for
partially preserved also in the tomb of Kheruef its cornpletiorl (see TVilson, JdOS. LVI. 294).
(Fakhry op czt p 495) 6' See above, p. 36, n. 6.
"
b1 ZrlS, LSSII, 54-55 58-59 The tradlt~orlal Two hundred and ninety in a durnp in the south-
date Month 1 of Prolet Dal 1, he regards not a4 east corner of the court, 41 in adjacent rubbish heaps,
the opening clay of the festiral ~tselfb ut as the day on 31 in the vicinity of the North Palace. 15 ir~unre-
~rh~cthhe preparations for ~t uere announced. corded locations, and 3 in the Middle Palace.
trihutions to the festival than is the case year represented the sum total of the
with those recovered for the first and temple's period of full-scale activity-a
third Heb-sed's. Although this and the concllision borne out by its empty store-
curious absence of any reference to the rooms and by the heaps of rubbish from
second Hcb-sed in contemporary tomb and the festival left standing in its courtyard.
temple inscriptions6' should be borne in The third Heb-sed is referred to in only
mind ~vhene stimating the relative impor- 27 jar-labels, 25 of n-hich are datecl to
tance of the three festivals, it is nererthe- Year 37" (Types 59, 164, 165) and 2 to
less obvious that the second ded-festival Year 38 (Type 142). Even if it is assumed
Ivas regarded as a noteworthy occasion that the other 61 jars of Years 37 and 38
and was celebrated on a grand scale. and all the 37 examples dated to Year 36
-
Other co~lsiderationsa side, there seems to vere intended for this festival, the decline
k)e little doubt that the palace's temple of in the quantity of supplies, as compared
Amfin, the court,yard in front of it,, and with those contributed to the first and
the columned structures on the north of second Heb-sed's, is still a very abrupt one
the court were constructed especially for -too abrupt to be attributed to accidents
the celebration of this particular festival of modern excavation or similar extrane-
and were not used to any very great ex- ous circumstances. It would appear,
tent thereafter. The peculiar nature of rather, to he one of the several indications
this group of building~~~-three latively ~rhichw e possess that during the latter
small t,emple proper, the except,ionally years'of his reign the power once n-ielded
large and numerous storerooms, the prom- by Amenhotep 111had to a great extent
inent terrace, the tremendous courtyard, passed into the hands of his youthful co-
and the multipiered festival hall in its regent, Akhenaten, who had now occupied
usual position on the right side of the pro- the throne for almost a full decade anti
cessional way to the temple69-sho~~c-l ear- ~ h os,ome four years prior to the date of
ly that the n-hole complex was designed his father's third Sed-festival, had trans-
for the celebration of a Sed-festival, as do ferred the seat of government and much of
also the inscribed offering tables, archi- the court to Tell el Arnarr~a.'T~h e festival
tectural elements, brick-stamps, jar-seal- was accorded a prominent place in the
ings, and other objects found in it. Xot decoration of the tomb of Icheruef chiefly
one dated object out of the hundreds because of the prominent role n-hich
found in this area bears any date save Icheruef himself played in its celebra-
Year 34,'O and it is reasonable to assume
A honey-jar found here, undated but probably
that this and perhaps part of the following
of Year 34 (Label No. 2091, bore a much-faded,
"It is not mentioned even in the tomb of Kheruef, earlier label of Year 9 (KO.1); but this can hardly be
the scenes and inscriptions in which deal in some de- cited as an exception to the foregoing statement.
tail sith both the first and the third Beh-seil's. Bor- 111spite of the date givenin the tomb of Kheruef.
chardt's suggestion (dllerhand Kleir~iykeiten.p . 25) it is clear that this, not Year 36, was the year in which
that the second or third fie&-serlI nay have beerr repre- the fe~t~ivawla s actually celebrated. See Borchardt,
sented in the much-damaged tomb of Ameuemhet zds, LXXII. 55 ff.
Surere (KO. 48), though not improbable, is not sus- 72 See above, p. 37 and n. 14. Thereis no real basis
ceptible of proof. for I3orchardt's theory (.4llerhand Kleiniqkriten, pp.
6s See Fig. 1 and the more detailed plan and 23-29) that Akher~atenu -as elevated to the coregency
tlescription of the group given by Lansing, lor. cit. on the occasiorl of his fat,her's second or third Scd-
Y'ompare, for example, t,he position of the festi- festival anti that the event is represent'eti on a block
val hall of Amenhotep I1 in relation to the southern of relief in the Ashmolean Museum (Griffith, JE4,
processional way leading to the temple of Xman at IX, 61-63, P1. VIII; Schafer, Sb. Berl. Ik , 1919, pp.
Karrrak (Chewier, Ann. Srrc., XXXVI, P1. I). Label 477-84). His article, however, corltains much inter-
No. 163 actually refers to the "Hall ([~c]sh[to]f) t,he esting material on the Beb-sed's of Amenhotep 111and
flch-,seO . . . of His X3ajesty." on the history of the last years of his reign.
EASTERSKTUDIES
ti0n.7~I ts detailed representation here jars associated nith the first Heb-sed con-
may also be regarded as an expression of tained a beerlike beverage called srnzt
loyalty-perhaps even as an act of con- (here translated "ale"), no srmf at all ap-
scious propaganda-promulgated by an pears to have been contrihuted to either
official whose o~rnc areer Tras closely the second or the third yeb-sed. Instead,
hound to the fading fortunes of the old n-e find that meat, only four jars of which
king and whose unco-operative attitude have been recovered for the first Sed-festi-
ton-ard the nelr Atenist regime resulted in val, constituted more than 83 per centi6 of
the mutilation of his tomb and the erasure the provisions for the second (feb-sed, and
of his figure and inscriptions from its \vine over 74 per cent of all the potted sup-
~valls.~~ plies sent in during Years 36-38 for the
No nen- festival hall seems to have been third occasion of the royal feast, the meat
prepared for the celebration of the third jars for these latter years totaling, in turn,
Heb-sed, and, like those contributed to the only 16 examples. Although I cannot clte
first Sed-festival, the inscribed jars assori- a parallel, the evidence polnts very strong-
ated with it Irere almost all found in the ly to the conclusion that in the time of
southern portions of the palace area-the Amenhotep 111 there was a particular
hIiddle Palace, the \Test TTillast, he south- type of offering I\ hich I\ as prescribed for,
ern rubbish mounds, and the South Yil- regarded as peculiarly appropriate to, or
lage-~rlth a few examples of Types 59 traditionally associated with, each suc-
and 164 occurring also in the North Pal- cessive {leb-sed-beer nith the first, meat
ace. 11ith th--e second, 11ine I\ ith the third, and
An additional indication of the general SO on."
locale in which all three Heb-sed's were The regular annual festivals of the
celebrated is contained in an inscription Egyptian temple calendar do not figure
on the base of a superb ehony statuette of prominently in the palace jar-labels; but
Amenhotep 111recently acquired hy the ne have inscribed fragments of six jars of
Brooklyn Museum.'j On this little monu- \vine, nine jars of fat, and one jar of meat
ment, n-hich may have come originally which nere contributed to the great Feast
from the palace itself, the king's name is of Opet (Nos. 48,787 1, 138, 145, 146, and
followed by the epithet "Lord of (Sed-)fes- 168). Labels 48 and 138 are dated to
tivals in the House of Rejoicing." Regnal Years 36 and 35, respectively; and
Before leaving the subject of the Sed- No. 138 contains also the calendar date
festivals mention should be made of a of the opening day of the feast: Month 2
curious and interesting fact n-hich emerges of Akhet, Day 19.79A nother feast-that
from a study of the table of Figure 16. of the goddess TTTadjet ('?)-is mentioned
Whereas over 81 per cent of the extant in No. 167; but this label, ~rhichn as re-
'iBalihry, op, cit., pu. 460-88, PI. SSXIX. jars $6o _f 2alnrllemt>al- tfharte eap emr ecaetn bt y~-fp nroed culcast s nlth it the 39
Possibly also, and for the same reason, in the tomb of
4s with our modern nedding arlrurersarles the
.%merlemhet Surere (So. 48). See Horchardt, .4ll~r-
ralue of the glfts seems to have ~ncreasedu ~thea ch
hand Rleiniyieitrn, pp. 24-25, P1. XI.
succeeding festlr a1
this7 4 sFuablijehcryt,, oaps . ceixt p,r epspse.d 4 5i2n- 531.0 2D3 av(iBeusl' l.v ie~wlfs.M o.n4 , 8 One example has the w ords *- @ * 91..
December, 1023, Part 11,p. 44; JEA, IX, 134). were added to the end of the label as transcribed In Fig 6
bKahseerdu etfo pao sgsreesaste de,x itne natd 0d1i1t iothne teor rToonemobu sX boe.l i1e0f 2t,h aant Pub'19 M' eXilzXneItI IH) aPb1u , 1I5141 c(aClenn~darr C 1h l7c4ag3 o,P a'pO r HIanrrsits
earlier tomb which he abandoned in favor of the latter. I 17 a 5 In the time of Thutmose 111 the feast ap-
75Acc. So. 48.28. To be published in the near parent11 began four da>s earher (Ir k IV, 742 824
future. see \Tolf, Dav schone FI*t ton Opet p 71)
placed on the same, much-used jar by of the Egyptians of this era; but n-e may
Nos. 168 and 96, was partially erased, anti note in passing that the six jars of fat re-
only traces of the name of the festival are ferred to above n-ere all prepared between
still visible. In adtlition to "Regnal Year the end of the first month of Shomu and
36," a wine-jar label, No. 42, appears to the end of the calendar year, a period
contain the curious and interesting date which during the reign of Amenhotep I11
"llonth 1 of Proyet, Day of the Lifting- IT-oultlh ave coincitled approximately n-ith
up of the [Regnal :'] Year" (wfs k:t-sp ?)- our months of May, June, and July.82I n-
perhaps a variant form of the traditional scriptions dated to the five epagomenal
date (Month 1 of Proyet, Day 1) for an- days are relatively rare before Ramesside
nouncing the preparations for the Scd- times," and Lahels 143 and 143A, dated,
festival.80H ere again, hon-ever, the read- respectively, to the Birth(day)s of Osiris
ing of the pertinent groups is extremely and Horus, are interesting in supplying us
doubtful, for the inscription is not only n-ith goocl I4:ighteenth Dynasty writings
much faded hut partially covered by a of these tlates (see Figs. 3 and 11).
later label (No. 62).81 The evitlence providetl by the palace
No special significance seems to attach jar-labels for the addition of a 37th and
to any of the other civil calendar dates 38th year to the reign of Amenhotep I11
preserved in the jar-labels, the use of these is far more extensive than n-as implied in
dates being in general attributable simply my note on the sr~bjectp ublished tro
to the extremely perishable nature of the years ago in C'hronique d ' ~ ~ ~(1p9t49r),
products to which they refer-protlucts page 96. There are, as indicated in Figure
vhich had to be used, not a fen- years, but 16, no less than 78 inscribed jar-fragments
a fen- days after they nere prepared. Lack- tlated to Regnal Year 3784 and 16 to
ing an artificial preservative, '(fresh (ani- Regnal Year 38,85t vith the likelihood of
mal) fat," for example, n-ould go rancid additional examples of both tlates existing
in a very short space of time, and it is not among the 217 unidentified small frag-
iurprising to find most of the surviving ments. The fact t'hat t'hree t'ypes of labels
calendar dates appearing on jars ~rhich (Nos. 142, 143, ancl 143A) are tlat'ed t'o
once contained fat (Xos. 119. 138, 142 [2 what would correspond to the last three
examples]. 143, 143 A). One jar of fat in- montl~so f Regnal Year 3gX6s uggests the
tended for use in the Feast of Opet was,
ZSee Borchardt, Dir .%filfcl zur zriflichrn Fcst-
as we have just seen, prepared and labeled Zeiiung, p. 121; and Edgerton, dJSI,, LIII, 196
on the first day of the feast itself (Label See Ptii.. 1061; Sethe, 17rk. I, 25, 27: Crifith,
Siiit. I, 207, 305, 312; Chace, Bull, and JIanning.
138). A jar of vegetable oil (b3b n th)
The Rhinrl .MatIiemaiiral Papyrus, No. 87, PI 108:
sealed in Regnal Year 8 and a jar of $[t]- Ihvies and Gardiner. TILP Tonlh of .4menemhet (.\-a.
8f), pp. 96-98; Davies, Tombs of A%fenkl~~p~rraro?il),
oil are both tlated to Month 3 of Proyet,
etc., PI. SXIX: and, for the Rarnesside Period: Pay
Day 5 (Nos. 197, 199), and a jar of Bnastasi VI, 58 (. Gardiller, Bzh. .4r~.,TII); Pap. Ch.
Beatty VIII vs 11, 4 (Gardiner, 1Iii.r. Pap. Brit.
"shelled beans" is stated to have been a
IIIZLS.3,d Series): Ostr. Cairo 25515 (?ern$, Cat. qhi.
contribution "from the Treasury of the MUP (-laire);O str. Deir el 3Iedineh 44, 143, 145, 156,
158, 206. 209 (?ern$, Uo<.uments de fouilles Insf. fr.
I<n (?) in Month 1 of Proyet, Day 16"
C'azrc, Vols. 3-5) ; etc.
(No. 219). The extant calendar dates are 81 Types 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 140, 141, 164,
too few in number to provide dependable 165, 188, 220.
information on the seasonal occupations 86 Types 61, 62, 142, 143, 144
86 Absli~ningt he regrlal year to have begun on the
80 See above, n 63 anniversary of the king's accessiorl to the throne-
See Cilron d'gy, No 47 (19491, Fig 9 (opp p Month 3 of Akhet, Day 2 (Gardiner, JE.1, XXXI,
961, C 27-28)
probability that Amenhotep I11lived long fat (91 jars), and meat (375 jars), the
enough to witness the beginning at least other identified products (fowl, oil, milk,
of his 39th year on the throne. honey, fruit, and incense) amounting all
To the evidence of the I{-ell-known together to only 134 jars.
"Lake Scarabs" that Amenhotep I11 and The jars of wine, though less numerous
Queen Tiy were in residence in the Rlal- than the ale and meat jarslgl are more
kata palace before the end of Regnal Year evenly distributed over the seventeen
11" we may now add that of three jar- regnal years covered by the dated labels,
labels, two of which are dated to Year 8 t~voor more examples existing for every
(Type 197) and one to Year 9 (Type 1). year of the last decade of the reign. 'Irp,
The labels of the 8th year occur on frag- a word normally denoting the fermented
ments of oil-jars found in the ruins of juice of grapes, is the only expression for
\\-hat was probably the earliest building "\vineH occurring in the palace labels.92
of the royal group, the Palace of the King The superior vintages, imported into the
(see Fig. 1). That of Year 9 was written Thebaid often from considerable distances,
on the shoulder of a wine-jar re-used in are usually accompanied by their dates
Year 34 (?) to contain honey and found in and by the names of the districts from
the courtyard of the Amfin temple (No. 11-hich they came, the latter serving also, as
209). In vieu- of the complete absence of with our modern vintages, to identify the
inscribed jar-fragments dated to Years types of wine in question. Sixty-eight jars
2-7 and the extreme scarcity of those contained the highly prized "wine of the
hearing dates earlier than Year 30 of
90 See the references given above, pp. 37-38. To
Amenhotep I11 there can be little doubt these \re may add Junker's detailed treatment of the
that the date "Regnal Year 1" occurring Old Kingdom offering lists (Giza 11, 69-96), LIontet's
Sciines cle la zie prirPe .., Hartmann's L'dgriculture
on five examples of Label-type 6 refer, not dans l'anc. Egupte. Scharff's "Ein Rechnungsbuch des
to the reign of this king, hut to that of his koniglicherl Hofes ..." (z;~s, LVII, 51-68), Stern's
glossary to Papyros Ebers (Vol. II), Breasted's
son and coregent, Akhenaten, who as glossary to The Eclwin Smith Surg?cal Papyrus (I,
Amenhotep IV appears to have been ele- 511-76), Reisner's vocabnlary of The Nearst Medical
Papyrus (14-481, Gardiner's Late Egypt?an A!4isce1-
vated to the throne in or about the 28th
lanies (Bibl. deg., VII), Cernf's publications of the
year of his father's reign.ss Since all the Cairo and Deir el Rledirleh ostraka (Cat. gln. Mus.
Caire, xos 25501-25385, and Documents de fouilles
labels of this type Tvere found in the so-
Inst. fr. Caire, Vols. 3-6), Erichsen's transcription
called Middle Palace, it has been assumed of Papyrus Harris I (Bibl. dev., V), and. of course.
that this large and handsome building Tvas the five 'volumes of the 1Forterhurii dcr ugyptischen
Spraclle with the Belevstell~nfor Vols. I and 11. The
the young pharaoh's residence before his indexes to Breasted's dnczent Records (Vol. V) are
departure to Tell el Amarna.8" very helpful in corltrolling the numerolls products
named in tomb and temple lists of the Eighteenth
Dynasty and later times.
The contents of the inscribed jars from
the palace of Amenhotep 111consisted for 91 In sharp contrast to Amarna and other New
Kingdom sites where the wine-jars constitute an over-
the most part of beverages, foodstuffs, and whelming majority of all those found (Imarna. Pls.
XSII-XXV: City I, PIS LXIII-LSIV; City II. PI.
unguents of ti-ell-known and frequently LVIII; Ran~esseunl, Pls. XIX-XSXVIII; ZAS,
discussed types." Predominant among LVIII, 25-36; etc.).
these 11-ere nine (285 jars), ale (298 jars), q? I have found no examples of &lh. "new wine" (Y ),
as at Tell el Amarna and elsewhere (dn~arnaN, os..
8' See above, p 35, n. 4. To the references cited 63, 64; City I, 74; City 11, Nos. 31, 32; Gard.. On
there add Steindorff, z.'~s, XXXIX, 62-65; Roeder, A 564; Lucas, Materials, p. 37 [Hdh is the product
dcg. Inscllr. Berlin, 11, NO. 19600; Petrie, Scarabs and which Lucas discusses llrlder the heading "Grape
C!/lin(lers,PI. XXXI, 8; Lansing, Bull. MA!41.1d, 1936, Juice"]; etc.): nor of palm-wine, date->vine, or any
pp. 12-14.
of the other varieties known to the dynastic Egyptians
88 See above, p. 37 and n. 14. (see Lucas, op. cit., PP. 31-33; Klebs, Reliefs . . . rli,s
89 See above. p. 35 and n. 5. neuen Reichcs, p. 61).
P
~SSCRIPTIOKS FRO31 THE
Western River," a product of the famous No. 69), "wine of the abode (st) of 'I . . ."
vinevards located in the northtl-est Delta (No. 26)) "wine of the Place1' (p: bw(f):lO'
along the lower reaches of the ancient So. 72), and "wine of the orchard ('f Hf)
Canopic arm of the Nileg3 (Nos. 10, 11, of Sebma~re:" (No. 60) ;Io2 and in many
20, 21, 33, 46, 47, 54, 55, 57, 61, 66); and examples the wine is designated as coming
fifteen others, "n-ine of Tjel" (T37-w), from from a royal or private estate (pr), a
the region adjoining the well-knolvn hor- temple foundation (Hw~)o,r a particular
der fortress on the site of modern Tell Abu vineyard (I;:mw). Since the estates and
Sefah in the extreme northeast corner of foundations produced other commodities
the DeltaN (Nos. 5, 51, 52, 74, 75, 76). hesides \vine, they are more advantage-
"Wine of Khor" (Syria)" ~n-arse presented ously considered in a later section dealing
by 8 jars (No. 77), "n-ine of the Oases"96 1.c-iths ources in general (below, pp. 96 ff.).
by 3 jars (Nos. 19, 73), "\vine of Per- Together with or in lieu of a designation
tvesekh" (a locality in the oasis of of source, the nature, purpose, or quality
Kharga by 2 jars (No. 49), and "wine of a \vine is often indicated by an adjective
?)97
of Per-hebyt" (the modern BehhPt el or adjectival phrase. Sineteen slender,
Hagar in the central Delta)gsb y 3 jars one-handled jugs of Syrian (1) typeLoc3on-
(No. 31). TTineyardsi n the neighborhood tained "blended ('?) nine" (~rpsnd: No.
of the great city of iilemphis contributed 85); two jars, dated respectively to Years
at least 7 jars of wine (Sos. 3, 17, 25, 58) 24 and 28, "wine for a happy return" (")
and probably more.99 Individual labels (~rprz h3y nfr:lOVos.2 , 4); another, of
list '(IT-ineo f the New Land" (t: rn3~f:~OO Year 33, "wine for (lit. of) taxes" (irp n
htr(w): So. 29); and nine examples, all
9:: Gard., On., A 405-6: JE.i, XXXIV, 19-22.
'" Ciard., On., A 419; .JE.i, V, 242 ff.; TI, 99 ff. probably of Year 38, "\vine (for) offer-
The rare tree- or place-name, p3 ndb~i,o,ccurring in ings" (LTP7713 (w): Io5 NOS. 62, 63). In
both examples of Label No 52, is found also in a wine-
tn-elve cases the nine is described as
jar label from the Kanresseun~(PI. XXI, KO. 167) and
perhaps on an ostrakon from the Dira Abul Naga, "good" (rzfr) and in twenty instances as
11ow in Tlrussels (Speleers. Re(. IILS(.TN.,o. 187).
"very good" (nfr-nfr), these notations of
Y5Gard, On.. .A 567.
Gard .On . -\ 568. See also under A 564; .4 ,narnn. 101 lrb., I. 450 ff. Cf. Gauthier, Diet. iPog., 11, 19,
X\;o 94; ('it?]I, P1 LXIlI. K: Citu 11, Nos. 29, 37: 33-34.
5P4a)p ;. P Ia%p oHnalra1r~i8s , IS, S7,S 1I0I:I P.a 6p, .7 A (nSacshtaasrfi fI, V2,- 3ro8.,, L1V4, I7I:, has 10i%ts I nu sau asle cdoentedr mexinamatpivlee ,o Lf tThisC. fl.a bHeal ytehse. wupo.r dri t :t.
Davies, Tomb of Kekh-~nt-Ke'. P1 XLIS; Tomb of No. 129;and for writings of 't [lt \~itho~trhte genitival
Puyrnrr&. P1 XX.YI; Tonibs of Mrnkiieprrrasonb, adjective, Pap. Anastasi 111, ro., 2, 5; 2, 12: Pap.
. . . . pp. 8-9, Pls. TI. TIII: Fakhry, Bahria Oasis, Ilainer. 53, 6.
pp. 14-15; Sethe. z.~s, LTI. 44-54. It is not clear
which, if any, particular oasis or group of oases is 10s City I, PI. LI. Type SLI, p. 139; Schiaparelli.
referred to here. Kharga or I3aharia wonld seem to Ton~ba... dell'architetto ("ha. Fig. 124: Carter, Tomb of
be the most likely. Tvt.ankl~.dmen.111. 149, P1. L, C: Lucas, Matrrial.~,
p. 28, n. 4. The label in every case is written on the
'"C'f. Gauthier, Dirt. coo., TI. 73; I, 206; Gol- shoulder of the jug at the base of the handle. The
enischeff. Ilrc trai,.. -XI-.87-R The puzzling firla1 de- three jars containing "wine of the Oases" (Nos. 19,
clear in botlr examples of this label. 73) were also of this type
""anthier. op. eit., 11, 110 11. "\Tine for a good going-down" or possibly
'" I e . those on which 1Iernl)his is not specifically "\vine which goes dolrti ~vell."T his curious, tho~~gbyh
~neutionedb.ut which were contributed by well-knou-11 no rneans unique, expression is ciiscussed by Peet in
3Iernphite fonndatioris or officials (e g.. Xos. 34, 35, JE.1. XIV, 182. In three of the five occurrences of the
59. 79). Cf. dniarna, P1. XXV, 3.0. 93: Czty I. P1 LV, phrase known to me (which include one on a wine-jar
S. sealing from the palace and the incomplete example
Hay11e'" sG, aOrsctlr.,a kOnn a, rAri l 6.\0-a:mSr pieSgteolnbeesr,g ,p z. .3~4s., LRTamIIeIs,s 3id0e; nofa tLivabe etlh 3e. 0w. a2lk) inthge l evgesr bA h.' O(no rt hhe:y u) she aosf ams ]i\ ts dAetewrmitih-
jar-labels from Kantir in the Delta list "wine . . . the meaning "return (to Egypt)" see my noitreU i
n JE.1,
from the New Land on the west of Pi-Ra'messe-mi- XXXX7,48 (h).
AmGn" (Hamza, -17171. Seri., XXX, 43-45). ''I5 C7t2 I, 162, 11. 8: City 11, 105, P1. LVIII (17).
quality or grade being applied for the one particularly favored by women. To
most part to otherwise unidentified vin- distinguish it from "beer" (hnht), with
tages (Nos. 28, 86, 87, 88) or to wines which it was obviously closely related
donated by private individuals (Nos. 15, (though occasionally stored and served
53, 78). TIT-enty-sixj ars bearing on their in a semisolid state),logI have adopted
shoulders the single word irp presumably the arbitrary translation "ale." In the
contained wine of inferior quality, coming palace jar-labels the word srmt is always
perhaps from local vineyards in the neigh- determined by the jar 6 and is always
borhood of Thebes itself. followed immediately by the word dbhw,
The absence of inscribed jars of ordi- clearly a direct genitive rather than an
nary beer (hnbt) is almost certainly at- adjective or a participle, since in no case
tributable to the fact that this common does it agree in gender with srmt, knon-n
beverage, undoubtedly consumed in quan- from other sources to be a feminine noun.
tity by the inmates of the palace, was I take the construction to be similar to
produced day by day in breneries at- that of Lrp rn3 (ul),"wine (for) offerings,"
tached to the palace itself, making the and suggest the translation "ale (for)
labeling of the vessels containing it not offerings," or perhaps "ale (as) required
only unnecessary but absurd.lo6C onverse- offerings," giving dbhw some of its basic
ly, ne may suppose that another type of meaning."O The expression srmt dbhw oc-
bren, srrvlt, for which ne possess the frag- curs in tvo labels from Tell el Amarna,"'
ments of almost three hundred elaborate- and in Papyrus Ebers (43, 17) n-e find the
ly labeled jars (Kos. 90-llf), was not a phrase hnkt ndmt nt dbh(w), n-hich is not
local but an imported product, made per- translated in full by Ebbell,"? but 11-hich
haps of ingredients n-hich n-ere not ob- apparently means "sweet beer of (the
tainable in the neighborhood of Thebes. type prescribed for) offerings." The very
One jar of srmt (Label 103 var.) \\as con- frequent use of 6 as the determinative
tributed by the mayor (h3tpc) of Tjebu, of dbhw as TI-ella s of srrnt must be an ex-
capital of the Xth Nome of Upper Egypt ample of what Gardiner in dealing nith a
(modern Kau el Iiebir :Gard., On., A 461). comparable use of the n-ord dbhw has
Otherwise we have no definite indications termed the "attraction of determina-
of the geographical locations of the vari- tive~.""~In one example of Label 105
ous royal and private estates which fur- (Fig. 9) the srrrlt is listed as coming from
nished srmt, and can only note that a a building or chamber called t3 !3t, a 11-ord
number of the donating officials-the otherwise unknown to me,n4b ut obvious-
Vizier Huy, the Steward of Memphis ly equivalent to k0 n4n, '(the store-
Huy, the Priest and Steward hleryup-
room," TI-hichr eplaces it in tn-o other ex-
tahI0'-held office and probably resided
amples of the same label.
in northern Egypt. Among the chief
sources of srmt n-ere the estates of the
"18 Sixty examples in all See also Iiizai. na. Sos.
queens (see NOS. 94-98, 112),Io8 a fact 70. 98.
~rhichm ay indicate that the beverage nas lag Gard , On.. A 363, Sethe, Drn,riatische Teite,
pp. 213-14.
neitlho6e Tr hTee lsl aeml elm seaermrlsa tnoo rh aanv)e ohfe ltdh et routeh eerl sselltre hse rree-, 110 See Tb., V, 440-41, especially p. 441. Belegst. 9.
ferred to ln nn 18-39 having ylelded a slngle inscribed '11 Amarna, Sos 69, 70. Griffith (p 34) does not
jar of hnkt-beer translate dbhu..
lo7Sos 103 92 arld 101 (2 examples of each do- '12 The Bbers Papyrus. 55.
nated by the Sterrard Huy) 109 See below, gp "3 JEA. 9111, 77.

100-101. 114 See, however, C~tIy.No. 20.