Handbook of Water Analysis

786 Pages·2007·5.13 MB·English

by  Leo M.L. Nollet

HANDBOOK OF
WATER
ANALYSIS
SECOND EDITION

HANDBOOK OF
WATER
ANALYSIS
SECOND EDITION
EDITED BY
LEO M. L. NOLLET
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of water analysis / editor, Leo M.L. Nollet. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-7033-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-7033-7 (alk. paper)
1. Water--Analysis--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Nollet, Leo M. L., 1948- II. Title.
QD142.H36 2007
628.1’61--dc22 2007006719
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Table of Contents
Preface...........................................................................................................................................vii
Author............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors..................................................................................................................................xi
1. Sampling Methods in Surface Waters.............................................................................1
MunroMortimer, Jochen F. Mu¨ller, and Matthias Liess
2. Methodsof Treatmentof Data........................................................................................47
Riccardo Leardi
3. Radioanalytical Methodologyfor Water Analysis......................................................77
JorgeS. Alvarado
4. Bacteriological Analysis of Water...................................................................................97
Paulinus Chigbu and Dmitri Sobolev
5. Marine Toxins Analysis..................................................................................................135
Luis M.Botana, AmparoAlfonso,M. Carmen Louzao, Mercedes R. Vieytes,
and Mar´ıa R. Velasco
6. Halogens.............................................................................................................................157
GezaNagyand Livia Nagy
7. Analysis of Sulfur Compounds inWater....................................................................201
LauraColl and Leo M.L.Nollet
8. Phosphates..........................................................................................................................219
Philippe Monbet and IanD.McKelvie
9. Cyanides.............................................................................................................................253
MeissamNoroozifar
10. Asbestos in Water.............................................................................................................269
James S. Webber
11. Heavy Metals,Major Metals, Trace Elements............................................................275
JorgeE. Marcovecchio,SandraE. Botte´, and Rube´n H.Freije
12. Determination of Silicon and Silicates........................................................................313
Salah M.Sultan
v
vi
13. Main Parameters andAssays Involved with OrganicPollution of Water...........337
Claudia E. Domini, Lorena Vidal,and Antonio Canals
14. Determination of OrganicNitrogen and Urea...........................................................367
Stefano Cozzi and Michele Giani
15. Organic Acids....................................................................................................................393
SigridPeldszus
16. Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water.....................................................409
Tarekegn Berhanu and JanA˚keJo¨nsson
17. Characterization of Freshwater Humic Matter...........................................................435
Juhani Peuravuoriand Kalevi Pihlaja
18. Analysis of Pesticides inWater.....................................................................................449
Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo
19. Fungicide and Herbicide Residues inWater..............................................................491
Sara Bogialliand Antonio Di Corcia
20. Polychlorobiphenyls........................................................................................................529
Alessio Ceccarini and Stefania Giannarelli
21. Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Water.........................................................563
Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri, Anna L.Iamiceli,and Silvia Alivernini
22. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons...........................................................................579
Chimezie Anyakora
23. Analysis of VolatileOrganic Compounds inWater.................................................599
Iva´n P. Roma´n Falco´ and Marta Nogueroles Moya
24. Analysis of Surfactants in Samplesfrom the Aquatic Environment....................667
B.Thieleand Leo M.L. Nollet
25. Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
andPersonal Care Products in Water...........................................................................693
Guang-GuoYing
26. Residues of Plastics..........................................................................................................729
Caroline Sablayrolles, Mireille Montre´jaud-Vignoles, MichelTreilhou,
andLeo M.L. Nollet
Index.............................................................................................................................................745
Preface
TheHandbookofWaterAnalysis,SecondEdition,discussesasinthefirstedition,alltypesof
water: freshwater from rivers, lakes, canals, and seawater, as well as groundwater from
springs,ditches, drains, andbrooks.
Most of the chapters describe the physical, chemical, and other relevant properties of
water components,andcoverssampling,cleanup,extraction, andderivatizationproced-
ures. Older techniques that are still frequently used are compared to recently developed
techniques.Thereaderisalsodirectedtofuturetrends.Asimilarstrategyisfollowedfor
discussionofdetectionmethods.Inaddition,someapplicationsofanalysisofwatertypes
(potablewater,tapwater,wastewater,seawater)arereviewed.Informationissummarized
in graphs, tables, examples, and references.
Because water is an excellent solvent, it dissolves many substances. To get correct
results and values, analysts have to follow sample strategies. Sampling has become a
quality-determiningstep (Chapter1).
Statisticaltreatmentofdataensuresthereliabilityoftheresults.Statisticalandchemo-
metricalmethods are discussedin Chapter2.
Chapter 3 discusses new technologies on radionuclides and their possible health
hazardsinwater andthe whole environment.
Waterisalivingelement,housingmanyorganisms—wantedorunwanted,harmfulor
harmless. Some of these organisms produce toxic substances. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5
discuss bacteriological and algalanalysis.
Humansconsumeandpollutelargequantitiesofwater.Chapter6throughChapter26
cover injurious or toxic substances of domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources: halo-
gens,sulphurcompounds,phosphates,cyanides,asbestos,heavyandothermetals,silicon
compounds,nitrogencompounds,organicacids,phenolicsubstances,humicmatter,pesti-
cides,insecticides,herbicides,fungicides,PCBs,PCDFs,PCDDs,PAHs,VOCs,surfactants,
EDCs, andplastics residues.
Chapter23,Chapter25,andChapter26discussindetailtheseparationandanalysisof
volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),endocrinedisruptingcompounds(EDCs)andpharma-
ceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and plastics residues, respectively. Many of
thesecompoundsarewidelydistributedintheenvironmentbutinverysmallquantities.
This book may be used as a primary textbook for undergraduate students learning
techniquesofwateranalysis.Furthermore,itisintendedfortheuseofgraduatestudents
involvedin the analysis of water.
Allcontributorsareinternationalexpertsintheirfieldofwateranalysis.Iwouldliketo
thank them cordiallyfor all their efforts.
Thisworkisdedicatedtomythreegranddaughters:Fara,Fleur,andKato.Ihopethey
will live on a blue planet,the blue beingthe color of healthywater.
Leo M.L. Nollet
vii

Author
Leo M.L. Nollet is a professor of biochemistry, aquatic ecology, and ecotoxicology in
the department of applied engineering sciences, University College Ghent, member of
Ghent University Association, Ghent, Belgium. His main research interests are in the
areasoffoodanalysis,chromatography,andanalysisofenvironmentalparameters.Heis
author or coauthor of numerous articles, abstracts, and presentations, and is the editor
of Handbook of Food Analysis, 2nd ed. (three volumes), Food Analysis by HPLC, 2nd ed.,
Handbook of Water Analysis(all titles, MarcelDekker,Inc.), Chromatographic Analysisof the
Environment, 3d ed., Advanced Technologies of Meat Processing, and Radionuclide Concentra-
tionsinFoodandtheEnvironment(alltitles,CRCPress,Taylor&Francis).Hereceivedhis
MS (1973) and PhD (1978) in biology from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium.
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