Handbook of Justice Research in Law

389 Pages·2002·1.738 MB·English

by  Joseph Sanders, V. Lee Hamilton (auth.), Joseph Sanders, V. Lee Hamilton (eds.)

Handbook of Justice Research
in Law
Handbook of Justice Research
in Law
Edited by
Joseph Sanders
and
V. Lee Hamilton
Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
eBook ISBN: 0-306-47379-8
Print ISBN: 0-306-46340-7
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print ©2001 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
New York
All rights reserved
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Contributors
William P. Bridges, Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607
Karen S. Cook, Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
Barry C. Feld, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
William L. F. Felstiner, Cardiff University Law School, Cardiff, United Kingdom, and Law and
Society Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106
V. Lee Hamilton, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
20742
Valerie P. Hans, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware
19802
Karen A. Hegtvedt, Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Deborah R. Hensler, Stanford University Law School, Stanford, California 94305
Robert Howard, Department of Political Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
30303
Kwok Leung, Department of Management, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
E. Allen Lind, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
Jill McCorkel, Department of Sociology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois 60115
Michael W. Morris, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305
Robert L. Nelson, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
60208
Ben Pettit, Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106
Joseph Sanders, University of Houston Law Center, Houston, Texas 77204
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Frederika E. Schmitt, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Millersville University,
Millersville, Pennsylvania 17551
John Scholz, Department of Political Science, State University of New York at Stony Brook,
Stony Brook, New York 11794
Tom R. Tyler, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
Neil Vidmar, Duke University Law School, Durham, North Carolina 27706
Preface
Justice—a word of great simplicity and almost frightening scope. When we were invited to
edit a volume on justice in law, we joked about the small topic we had been assigned. Often
humor masks fear, and this was certainly one of those times. Throughout the project, we found
daunting the task of covering even a fraction of the topics that usually fall under the umbrella
of justice research in law.
Ultimately, the organization of the book emerged from the writing of it. Our introductory
chapter provides a road map to how the topics weave together, but as is so often the case it was
written last, not first. It was only when we had chapters in hand that we began to see how the
many strands of justice research might be woven together. Chapters 2–4 on the basic forms of
justice—procedural, retributive, and distributive—are the lynchpin of the volume; they
provide the building blocks that permit us to think and write about each of the other substantive
and applied chapters in terms of how they relate to the fundamental forms of justice. In the
large central section of the volume (Chapters 5–9), the contributors address many ways in
which the justice dimensions relate to one another. Most important for law is the relationship
of perceptions of procedural justice and the two types of substantive justice—retributive and
distributive. The final section of the book (Chapters 10 and 11) turns to the larger question of
whether conceptions of justice in the legal context differ depending on one’s gender or culture.
Our first and greatest debt is to the authors of the individual chapters who provided us
with so much wonderful material and whose messages seem to us to weave together to create a
whole larger than the sum of the parts. It is nevertheless true that, although the contributions
here are substantial, they are not all that could have been said on the topic. We sought coverage
of several other topics without success: in some cases, such as race, we were unable to find
anyone to agree to contribute; in several others, we received initial agreements but the authors
were for one or another reason unable to complete their chapters. This is almost always true of
edited volumes and we mention it only with the goal of freeing up the readers’ imaginations. If
you can imagine a topic related to justice, it probably could have appeared here. It may even be
one we sought to have do so. Most important, we believe that any of a dozen or more other
topics—had they resulted in chapters to this volume—could have been organized under the
same umbrella as the one that appears in the finished work. We believe that the essays that are
included provide the reader with a good sense of where research on justice in law stands today
as well as fruitful ideas about how to extend our knowledge in the future.
Aside from our fundamental debt to the authors of the chapters that appear here, we are
indebted to Bruce Sales and Felice Levine, and to the personnel at Kluwer Academic/Plenum
vii
viii PREFACE
Publishers, especially our editor, Eliot Werner, and production editor, Tuan Hoang. They each
helped to inspire the work and, in their own ways, gave it its final shape.
Beverly Ward at the University of Houston devoted many hours organizing the materials
making certain that the chapters conformed to a uniform style. Her efforts are very much
appreciated.
Completing this project would have been more difficult without the support of our
respective universities. We would like to thank Dean Irwin Goldstein at the University of
Maryland and the University of Houston Law Foundation.
The work that went into soliciting and editing the chapters was indirectly supported in
part by the National Science Foundation (grants SES-9113914 and SES-913967). Those grants,
which supported work on conceptions of responsibility in organizations across cultures,
provided us the breathing space to think about justice at the same time.
In the last analysis, trying to encompass justice in its manifold forms—in such a way as to
enlighten ourselves about its reach through and around the law—has been a humbling
experience as well as an exciting one. We feel that we have learned much more than we have
taught. In that spirit, we invite you to join us in the search for justice.
Joseph Sanders
V. Lee Hamilton
Contents
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Justice and Legal Institutions ......................................... 3
Joseph Sanders and V. Lee Hamilton
A. Introduction .................................................... 3
B. Justice and Law ................................................. 4
C. Empirical Study of Justice ........................................ 5
D. The Dimensions of Justice ........................................ 5
E. The Relationship among the Justice Dimensions ...................... 10
F. Justice and Culture .............................................. 19
G. Conclusion ..................................................... 22
H. Endnotes ...................................................... 25
References ..................................................... 26
PART II: THE DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE
2. Retribution and Revenge ............................................. 31
Neil Vidmar
A. Heinous Crimes and the Minutiae of Everyday Life .................... 31
B. Conceptual Issues ............................................... 34
C. Psychological Mechanisms in Retributive Justice ...................... 41
D. Arousal of Retributive Motives and Their Consequences ................ 43
E. Aggression, Cohesion, and Legitimacy: Concluding Thoughts on
Retributive Justice ............................................... 56
References ..................................................... 58
3. Procedural Justice .................................................. 65
Tom R. Tyler and E. Allan Lind
A. Introduction .................................................... 65
B. Psychology and the Legal Context .................................. 66
ix
x CONTENTS
C. What Makes a Procedure Fair? .................................... 74
D. Some Implications of the Research ................................. 83
E. Endnotes ...................................................... 88
References ..................................................... 88
4. Distributive Justice: Recent Theoretical Developments and Applications ...... 93
Karen A. Hegtvedt and Karen S. Cook
A. Distributive Justice: An Overview .................................. 93
B. Allocation Decisions: Equity, Equality, and Need ..................... 95
C. Reactions to Injustice ............................................ 105
D. Justice in Close Relationships ..................................... 116
E. Organizational Justice ............................................ 120
F. Justice and Beliefs about Stratification: Micro- and Macrojustice Principles 122
G. Further Applications of Theories of Distributive Justice ................ 123
H. Endnotes ...................................................... 124
References ..................................................... 125
PART III: THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG JUSTICE DIMENSIONS
5. Paternalism, Power, and Respect in Lawyer–Client Relations ............... 135
William L. F. Felstiner and Ben Pettit
A. Introduction .................................................... 135
B. Paternalism .................................................... 136
C. The Actuality of Power ........................................... 143
D. The Neglect of Clients by Lawyers ................................. 146
E. Conclusion ..................................................... 147
F. Endnotes ...................................................... 148
References ..................................................... 150
6. The Juvenile Court ................................................. 155
Barry C. Feld
A. Introduction .................................................... 155
B. Origins of the Juvenile Court ...................................... 156
C. Procedural Justice in Juvenile Courts ................................ 162
D. Criminological Triage ............................................ 167
E. Criminal and Social Justice for Young Offenders ...................... 190
References ..................................................... 197
7. Legal Institutions in Civil Disputes: Regulatory and Administrative Agencies .. 205
Robert Howard and John Scholz
A. Agency Justice as the Minimization of Errors ......................... 206
B. Justice as Procedure ............................................. 216
CONTENTS xi
C. Agency Justice .................................................. 225
D. Endnotes ...................................................... 227
References ..................................................... 228
8. In Search of ‘‘Good’’ Mediation: Rhetoric, Practice, and Empiricism ......... 231
Deborah R. Hensler
A. Introduction .................................................... 231
B. Rhetoric ....................................................... 233
C. Practice ....................................................... 239
D. Outcomes ...................................................... 245
E. New Analyses of the RAND ADR Data ............................. 249
F. Conclusion ..................................................... 257
G. Endnotes ...................................................... 260
References ..................................................... 265
9. Wage Justice for Women: Markets, Firms, and the Law Governing Gender
Differences in Pay .................................................. 269
Robert L. Nelson and William P. Bridges
A. Introduction .................................................... 269
B. The Legal Treatment of Gender-Based Wage Discrimination ............. 271
C. What Explains the Wage Gap? ..................................... 274
D. A New View: The Organizational Inequality Approach ................. 280
E. Selected Findings ............................................... 288
F. Conclusion ..................................................... 292
G. Endnotes ...................................................... 294
References ..................................................... 295
PART IV: LAW AND CULTURE
10. Gender, Law, and Justice ............................................ 301
Jill McCorkel, Frederika E. Schmitt, and Valerie P. Hans
A. Introduction .................................................... 301
B. Theorizing Law and Justice: Toward a Feminist Jurisprudence ........... 302
C. Law in Action: Legal Treatment of Violence against Women ............ 320
D. Studying Violence against Women: Does It Lead to Victim Feminism? .... 331
E. Conclusion ..................................................... 332
References ..................................................... 334
11. Justice through the Lens of Culture and Ethnicity ........................ 343
Kwok Leung and Michael W. Morris
A. Introduction .................................................... 343
B. Why Study Justice across Cultures? ................................. 344