Table Of Content·
Robert Geffner Jacquelyn W. White
·
L. Kevin Hamberger Alan Rosenbaum
·
Viola Vaughan-Eden Victor I. Vieth
Editors
Handbook of
Interpersonal
Violence and Abuse
Across the Lifespan
A project of the National
Partnership to End Interpersonal
Violence Across the Lifespan
(NPEIV)
Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and
Abuse Across the Lifespan
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Robert Geffner Jacquelyn W. White
(cid:129) (cid:129)
L. Kevin Hamberger Alan Rosenbaum
(cid:129)
Viola Vaughan-Eden Victor I. Vieth
Editors
Handbook of
Interpersonal Violence and
Abuse Across the Lifespan
A project of the National Partnership to
End Interpersonal Violence Across the
Lifespan (NPEIV)
With254Figuresand107Tables
Editors
RobertGeffner JacquelynW.White
InstituteonViolence DepartmentofPsychologyCollegeofArtsand
AbuseandAlliantInternationalUniversity Sciences
SanDiego,CA,USA UniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro
Greensboro,NC,USA
L.KevinHamberger AlanRosenbaum
DepartmentofFamilyandCommunity DepartmentofPsychology
Medicine NorthernIllinoisUniversity
MedicalCollegeofWisconsin DeKalb,IL,USA
Milwaukee,WI,USA
ViolaVaughan-Eden VictorI.Vieth
EthelynR.StrongSchoolofSocialWork EducationandResearch
NorfolkStateUniversity ZeroAbuseProject
Norfolk,VA,USA St.Paul,MN,USA
ISBN978-3-319-89998-5 ISBN978-3-319-89999-2(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-90000-1(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022
AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specifically
the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe
editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors
oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims
inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Foreword
Whenwethinkofviolence,ourmindisdrawntoanexperienceweorsomeonewe
knowhashadortoarecentstoryinthenewsaboutasingletypeofviolence,perhaps
amassshooting,domesticviolence,organgactivity.However,therearemanyforms
ofviolenceandanyofusbeingquizzedwouldbehardpressedtonamethefullset.A
subsample includes psychological, sexual and physical child abuse, sexual assault,
intimate partner violence, sex and labor trafficking, cyber abuse, hate crimes,
neglect,elderabuse, petabuse,stalking,gangviolence,andmore.Fromthestand-
pointofresearch, clinical practice,andsocialservices,themanydifferentformsof
interpersonalviolencehavebeenlargelyseparateareasofwork.Thisisunderstand-
ablebecauseanyonearearequiresspecializedtrainingandunderstandingtoaddress
the challenges. Indeed, we can see from this Handbook of Interpersonal Violence
andAbuseAcrosstheLifespanthateachtypeofinterpersonalviolencehasitsown
body of knowledge in terms of what is known about the prevalence, risk and
protective factors, key moderators, and available interventions, services, and gov-
ernment policies. What has been increasingly recognized is that the very different
areas of interpersonal violence have extraordinary commonalities, blur into each
other, and often go together. We know now that different types of interpersonal
violenceandabuse:
(cid:129) Share a commonset offactors,especially early inlife, that increaseor decrease
theriskforbeingavictimorperpetratorofviolence
(cid:129) Connectwithseveralindividual,interpersonal,social,andculturalissues,includ-
ingtrauma,powerandcontrol,oppression,sexandgender,cultureandethnicity,
poverty,discrimination,anduntowardlivingconditions,tomentionafew
(cid:129) Generate a similar set of deleterious outcomes related to mental and physical
health,substanceuseandabuse,deficitsinfundamentalpsychologicalprocesses
(e.g.,cognition,learning,andmemory)andsocialfunctioning(e.g.,interpersonal
relations more generally, job performance), and, if these were not sufficient,
increasedsuicideratesandearlydeath
(cid:129) Reflect common biological assaults, asreflected inproblems inbrain,hormone,
endocrine,andimmunefunctions
(cid:129) Blur into each other so that an individual who is a victim or perpetrator of
interpersonal violence at one point in life (e.g., abuse in childhood, bullying in
v
vi Foreword
adolescence)isatgreatlyincreasedriskforanothertypeofabuseorperpetration
later(e.g.,daterape,abusingapartner)
(cid:129) Can be altered and that interventions effective in reducing one type of violence
oftencanreduceothertypesofviolenceaswell
(cid:129) Exert an enormous economic burden resulting from the broad and enduring
effectsoftrauma,victimization,andperpetuationofviolence
(cid:129) Converge to reflect an enormous public health and human rights problem that
reaches diverse groups, at all ages, and is a source of tragedy and trauma, often
lifelong.
What is needed is a resource that brings together areas that have been largely
separate from the standpoint of research, intervention, services, and policy. The
Handbook provides exactly that resource and gives us an up-to date evaluation of
individualareaswhileunderscoringthecommonalitiesandinterconnections.
The editors have produced a work that is massive in scope by including over
400 contributors, over 200 chapters, and comprising 5 volumes. This is a resource
withoutpeerincontentandscope,butmorethanthatsetsthestageofhowtoview
the entire domain ofinterpersonalviolence and abuse. Even withsuch diversity of
topics, there is remarkable coherence in the different contributions. This was
achieved in at least four ways. First, the chapters adhere to an overall conceptual
focus in which interpersonal violence is elaborated at multiple levels, including
individuals, relationships, communities, and society. Second, the chapters provide
adevelopmentalperspectivethatconveyshowviolenceoccursatdifferentagesand
stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and the elderly) and, impor-
tantly,howthetypesofviolenceandtheperiodsinwhichtheyoccurareverymuch
related to violence at other stages. Third, multiple influences including biological,
psychological, familial, situational, and cultural contexts are included. Finally, the
chaptersattendtoperpetratorsandvictimsofviolenceincludingthosewhoareboth
perpetrators and victims. These unifying levels and foci embrace the intricacies of
violencewhileallowingonetoseetheoverallcommonalitiesinacohesiveway.
By integrating multiple sources and types of violence, we can also get a better
picture of what is being done and what is needed to improve services. To be sure,
many organizations and agencies (government and nongovernment, national and
international) arecommitted to preventing, reducing, and eliminating interpersonal
violence and abuse. One such organization, the National Partnership to End Inter-
personal Violence Across the Lifespan, has served as the impetus for bringing the
largesetscholarstogethertocompletethissetofvolumes.
Given these connections and commonalities, the study of violence is inherently
collaborative,multidisciplinary,andinternational.Tounderstandviolenceandhave
impact on its amelioration requires many different disciplines, including but not
restrictedtopublichealth,psychology,socialwork,education,criminaljustice,law
and social policy, nursing, and medicine including many of its branches (e.g.,
psychiatry,pediatrics,emergencymedicine).Moreover,therearemanystakeholders
whose participation is central, including practitioners, advocates and survivors of
violenceandabuse,healthcareworkers,religiousandspiritualleaders,government
Foreword vii
agentsdevotedtohealth,fundingagencies,andofcoursevictimsandperpetrators.
The challenge is harnessing the range of participants. The huge first step is recog-
nizing and documenting the need for integration and showing how integrative
interventionscanhaveimpact.TheHandbookconveysthisandmore.
The volumes are about interpersonal violence and abuse, so the content is not
merelyacademicbutfocusesonsufferingandonascalethatdoesnotlosesightthat
millions of individuals have been and are being traumatized, permanently injured,
andkilled.Theyareindividualswithlittleornocontrolandoftennorecourse.The
upbeatpartisthatsomeofourbestscientistsandminds,thatis,contributorstothese
volumes,areworkingintheareas,havemadepalpableprogressinunderstandingthe
problem, have developed interventions for treatment and prevention, and advocate
for improved policies and services that make a difference. Already there are many
evidence-based and promising practices programs, and these are reviewed. Once
evidence-basedinterventionsareidentified,invariablyachallengeistoscalethemto
reachthelargenumbersinneed,toensurethattheyreachthepeopleleastlikelyto
receivecarebecauseofallsortsofbarriers,andthentoobtainthedatatoshowthatin
factpositiveoutcomeshavebeenachieved.Advancesintechnology(e.g.,bigdata,
machine learning, tracking behavior in real time) and the pervasiveness of social
mediainitsmanyformsmighthelpaddressthesechallenges,andthatprospecttoo
addstothehope.
The Handbook will have broad appeal. Professionals from multiple disciplines
willbeinterested inthisbookbecause itisauniquesource thataccommodatesthe
scope of interpersonal violence and abuse; gives conceptual perspectives; covers
past, present, and future directions; and looks carefully at the strengths and limita-
tionsofwhathasbeendonetoaddressviolence.Moreover,violenceconnectswith
so many areas of research, including child and adolescent development, trauma,
cultural and ethnic studies, gender studies, disability, health care, immigration,
criminal justice, substance use – it is endless. Individuals beginning or pondering
their careers can find a buffet of urgent areas of work where breakthroughs in
science,services,and policycansavelivesand improve well-being. Thebook isa
remarkableresourceandiswithoutpeerinitsscope,accomplishments,andguidefor
our future in peacefully but effectively combatting violence and abuse across the
lifespan.
YaleUniversity AlanE.Kazdin
NewHaven,CT,USA
Preface
TheleadershipoftheNationalPartnershiptoEndInterpersonalViolenceAcrossthe
Lifespan (NPEIV) envisioned this Handbook 4 years ago to further our goals of
raisingawareness,educatingthecommunity,aswellasadvancingeffortstoreduce
and eliminate violence and abuse across the lifespan. Our commitment was to
involveaninterdisciplinary,diversegroupofpeopleasaplanningcommitteetobe
abletosharetheirvoicesinthislargeandsignificantendeavor.Thegroupcomprised
ofresearchers,practitioners,andadvocateswhodealwithvariousformsofviolence
andabuse,includingchildandyouthmaltreatment,youthviolence,intimatepartner
violence, sexual assault, abuse of older adults, adult survivors of child and adult
abuse,andcommunityviolence.Expertsfromthefieldsofpsychology,socialwork,
publichealth,criminology,healthcare,theology,victimadvocacy,andthelawwere
involvedindeveloping thecontentofthis Handbook.Following numerous discus-
sions, the Handbook parts were conceptualized, and this group, along with others,
wasinvitedtoparticipateassectionco-editors.IncollaborationwiththeEditors-in-
Chiefassignedasliaisonstoeachpart,theycreatedcontentandsolicitedauthorsfor
the chapters. The initial expectation was 100 chapters. However, there were many
suggestionsforadditionalchaptersandtopicsthatenhancedthescopeandcompre-
hensivenessoftheHandbook.
TheHandbookcontentwasthencoordinatedbyregularmeetingsanddiscussions
ofthesixEditors-in-Chiefandthe23sectionco-editorsduringthepast3years.Each
Editor-in-Chiefhasmorethan30yearsofexperienceininterpersonalviolencefrom
a research and/or practice standpoint. This 5-volume Handbook has 202 chapters,
andover400authors.Thegoalwastoprovideareferenceworkthatcanbethemain
resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers for the next decade or
more. The emphasis was to address issues related to research, practice, policy, and
advocacy within a trauma-informed, developmental, and intersectional framework.
In addition, the chapters deal with controversial subjects as well as cutting-edge
thinkingandmethods.Bydesign,severalimportantthemespermeatevariouschap-
ters.Theseincludethedevelopmentaleffectsofadversechildhoodexperiences;the
usefulnessofasocialecological/biopsychosocialframework;theintersectionalityof
violencewithgender,race,andpoverty;andtheprimacyoftraumaasbothacauseof
violence and a consequence of it. Many chapters also utilize a human rights
framework,focusingontheoverlapofthevariousforms ofinterpersonalviolence.
ix
x Preface
Similarly, some chapters emphasize a public health and social justice perspective,
focusingonsystemresponses.TheHandbookisquitetimelyaswellinthatduring
thefinalstagesofitsproduction,theCOVID-19crisishitandhashadasignificant
impact, especially on child abuse and intimate partner violence. Thus, chapters
dealing with interpersonal violence and abuse with respect to COVID-19, racism,
andother tragedies havebeenincluded. Therearealso chaptersdealingwith racial
trauma,communityandschoolviolence,aswellasgunviolence.
Fortoolong,violencehasbeenacceptedasaninevitableaspectofhumannature.
Itisthemostsignificantsocialproblemfacingsociety,andyet,theresourcesdevoted
to eliminating interpersonal violence and abuse are scant. It is our hope that the
knowledge amassed in the Handbook will inform and inspire community leaders,
advocates,lawmakers,andscientistsgloballytojoinusinourmissionofeliminating
interpersonalviolenceandabuse.
September2021 RobertGeffner
JacquelynW.White
L.KevinHamberger
AlanRosenbaum
ViolaVaughan-Eden
VictorI.Vieth
Editors
Contents
Volume 1
SectionI InterpersonalViolenceandAbuseAcrossTheLifespan:
FoundationsandPerspectives ............................... 1
RobertGeffner,JacquelynW.White,L.KevinHamberger,
AlanRosenbaum,ViolaVaughan-Eden,andVictorI.Vieth
1 FundamentalsofUnderstandingInterpersonalViolenceand
Abuse ............................................... 3
JacquelynW.WhiteandRobertGeffner
2 IntegrationoftheTypesofInterpersonalViolenceAcrossthe
Lifespan ............................................. 27
PearlS.BermanandAlexandraG.Hosack
3 AHistoryofInterpersonalViolence:RaisingPublicConcern ... 59
StéphaniePache
4 ExaminingInterpersonalViolencefromaTrauma-Informed
andHumanRightsPerspective ........................... 81
KellyGravesandYasminGay
5 AdverseChildhoodExperiences:Past,Present,andFuture .... 97
TamaraA.HamaiandVincentJ.Felitti
6 Trauma-InformedSystemsofCare ........................ 121
KarenRichandMeganR.Garza
7 Intersectionality ....................................... 151
SujataWarrier
8 HistoricalandContemporaryRacialTraumaAmongBlack
Americans:BlackWellnessMatters ....................... 165
GimelRogersandThemaBryant-Davis
xi
