Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment

558 Pages·2000·13.41 MB·English

by  Cheremisinoff N.P.

Handbook
Chemical
rocessing
Equipment
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff

Handbook of Chemical
Processing Equipment
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.
Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
Copyright 0 2000 by Butterworth-Heinemann
A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P.
Handbook of chemical processing equipment / Nicholas Cheremisinoff.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-7126-2 (alk. paper)
1. Chemical plants--Equipment and supplies. I. Title.
TP155.5 .C52 2000
660'.283--d~21 00-037955
British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationD ata
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
About the Author ix
Chapter 1. Heat Exchange Equipment 1.
Introduction, 1
General Concepts of Heat Transfer, 4
Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, 12
Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchangers, 24
Spiral-Plate Heat Exchangers, 36
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers, 41
Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture, 45
Condensers, 52
Steam-Driven Absorption Cooling, 60
Closure, 61
Nomenclature, 6 1
Suggested Readings, 62
Chapter 2. Evaporative Cooling Equipment 65
Introduction, 65
Thermal Characteristics, 65
Design Configurations, 70
Components and Materials of Construction, 76
Use of Fans, Motors, and Drives, 80
Water Treatment Services, 86
Glossary ofTerms, 89
Suggested Readings, 93
Chapter 3. Evaporating and Drying Equipment 94
Introduction, 94
Evaporators, 94
Drying Equipment, 124
Crystallization, 154
Suggested Readings, 161
Chapter 4. Distillation Equipment 162
Introduction, 162
Overview of Distillation, 163
General Properties of Hydrocarbons, 181
Refinery Operations, 202
Products from Petroleum, 222
iii
iv CONTENTS
Spirits Production, 239
Closure and Recommended Web Sites, 241
Chapter 5. Mass Separation Equipment 244
Introduction, 244
Absorption Equipment, 245
Adsorption Equipment, 276
Solvent Extraction, 320
Reverse Osmosis, 326
Suggested Readings, 330
Chapter 6. Mechanical Separation Equipment 334
Introduction, 334
Filtration Equipment, 335
Sedimentation Equipment, 398
Centrifugal Separation Equipment, 416
Suggested Readings, 434
Chapter 7. Mixing Equipment 435
Introduction, 435
Mechanical Mixing Equipment, 436
Design Practices, 453
Gas-Solids Contacting, 476
Suggested Readings, 487
Recommended Web Sites, 488
Chapter 8. Calculations for Select Operations 489
Introduction, 489
Heat Capacity Ratios for Real Gases, 489
Sizing of Vapor-Liquid Separators, 489
Overall Efficiency of a Combination Boiler, 490
Pump Horsepower Calculations, 490
Pump Efficiency Calculations, 491
Lime Kiln Precoat Filter Estimation, 49 1
Steam Savings in Multiple Effect Evaporators, 493
Temperature and Latent Heat Estimation for Saturated Steam, 494
Estimating Condensate for Flash Tanks, 494
Linear Velocity of Air Through Ducts, 496
Thermal Conductivities of Gases, 496
Determining Pseudocritical Properties, 500
Estimating Heat Exchanger Temperatures, 501
Estimating the Viscosity of Gases, 503
Estimate for Mechanical Desuperheaters, 506
Estimating Pump Head with Negative Suction Pressure, 507
Calculations for Back-Pressure Turbines, 508
Tubeside Fouling Rates in Heat Exchangers, 5 10
Calculations for Pipe Flows, 5 11
CONTENTS V
Recovery in Multicomponent Distillation, 5 17
Estimating Equilibrium Curves, 5 18
Estimating Evaporation Losses from Liquified Gases, 5 18
Combustion Air Calculations, 5 18
Estimating Temperature Profiles in Agitated Tanks, 5 19
Generalized Equations for Compressors, 520
Batch Distillation: Application of the Rayleigh Equation, 524
Index 527

PREFACE
The chemical industry represents a 455-billion-dollar-a-year business, with
products ranging from cosmetics, to fuel products, to plastics, to pharmaceuticals,
health care products, food additives, and many others. It is diverse and dynamic,
with market sectors rapidly expanding, and in turmoil in many parts of the world.
Across these varied industry sectors, basic unit operations and equipment are
applied on a daily basis, and indeed although there have been major technological
innovations to processes, many pieces of equipment are based upon a foundation of
engineering principles developed more than 50 years ago.
The Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment has been written as a basic
reference for process engineers. It provides practical information on the working
principles and engineering basis for major equipment commonly used throughout
the chemical processing and allied industries. Although written largely with the
chemical engineer in mind, the book's contents are general enough, with sufficient
background and principles described, that other manufacturing and process
engineers will find it useful.
The handbook is organized into eight chapters. Chapters 1 through 3 deal with heat
transfer equipment used in a variety of industry applications ranging from process
heat exchange, to evaporative cooling, to drying and solvent recovery applications,
humidity control, crystallization, and others. Chapters 4 and 5 cover stagewise
mass transfer equipment. Specifically, Chapter 4 covers distillation, and Chapter 5
covers classical mass transfer equipment involving absorption, adsorption,
extraction, and membrane technologies. Chapter 6 discusses equipment used in
mass separation based upon physical or mechanical means. This includes such
equipment topics as sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtrations methods.
Chapter 7 covers mixing equipment and various continuous contacting devices
such as gas-solids fluidized beds. Finally, Chapter 8 provides the reader with a
compendium of short calculation methods for commonly encountered process
operations. The calculation methods are readily set up on a personal computer's
standard software spreadsheet.
Select references are provided in each chapter for more in-depth coverage of an
equipment subject, including key Web sites that offer vendor-specific information
and equipment selection criteria. In a number of chapters, sample calculations are
provided to guide the reader through the use of design and scale-up formulas that
are useful in preparing equipment specifications or in establishing preliminary
designs.
Although the author has taken great care to ensure that the information presented in
this volume is accurate, neither he nor the publisher will endorse or guarantee any
designs based upon materials provided herein. The author wishes to thank
Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers for their fine production of this volume.
Nicholas P. Cherernisinofi Ph.D .
vii