Table Of ContentGreeks,
Romans
and
Barbarians
Barry Cunliffe
082029
Greeks, Romans
and Barbarians
Spheres of Interaction
Methuen · New York
© Barry Cunliffe 1988.
First published 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publicauon
may be reproduced, in any form or by any means,
without permission from the Publisher
Typeset by Opus, Oxford
and printed in Great Britain
Published in the United States of America
by Methuen, Inc., 29 West 35 Street,
New York, New York 10001
U.S. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cunliffe, Barry W.
Greeks, Romans, and barbarians: spheres of interaction/Barry
Cunliffe.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN o-416--o1991-9
1. Rome-Commerce-Europe-History. 2. Europe-Commerce--Rome-
History. I. Title
HF377,C86 1988
306' .094-dc19 87-34167
CIP
To the memory of
Glyn Daniel
who taught me that
archaeology is fun
Contents
Preface x1
1 Themes and approaches 1
2 The Greek adventure: 600-400 BC 12
Greek and Phoenician colonization in the western Mediterranean 13
The port of Massalia 19
The expansion of Etruscan influence 23
Massalia arid the barbarians of the north 24
Social transformation in barbarian Europe in the fifth century BC 33
The Celtic migrations 36
3 The southern shores of Gaul 38
The native towns of southern Gaul 38
Inland trading centres of the Rhone axis 49
The western trading axis 51
The Romans and southern Gaul 53
4 Roman estates and entrepreneurs 59
Social change in Italy 59
The Ager Cosanus 65
Roman trade with southern Gaul 71
Production and consumption in late Republican Italy 75
Slaves 77
The dynamics of the late Republican economy 78
5 Gaul: continuity and change 125-59 BC 80
Gaul: historical outline 125-59 BC 80
The western trading system 81
The northern trading system 86
Gaulish society 87
Social change in central Gaul 92
The Gaulish and British periphery 98
The Belgae of northern Gaul 104
viii Contents
6 The battle for Gaul: 58-50 sc I06
Juli us Caesar 106
Caesar's campaigns in Gaul I08
Ethnic movements at the time of the conquest 114
Allegiances I I 7
Gaulish leadership 120
The fate of the conquered Gauls 123
7 The creation of the three Gauls 125
The organization of Gaul: 50-12 BC 125
The German frontier 128
Social and economic change in Gaul 129
Economic intensification I 32
Long-distance trade 137
8 Progress through Britain 145
Prehistoric trade patterns 145
The re-invigoration of long distance trade 147
Britain after Caesar 149
The Roman conquest 158
The early Romanization of the south-east 159
Northern Britain 161
Into Scotland 163
Across the Celtic Sea 169
9 Beyond the Rhine 171
The military situation and the German campaigns 171
Germanic society 17 4
Roman interaction with free Germany 177
Socio-economic zones in Germany 184
The late second century 186
Late Roman economic reformations 189
The late third century and after 191
10 Retrospect 193
Notes 202
Bibliography 216
Index 232
List of illustrations
1 Core-periphery relationships in the Roman Empire 3
2 Diagram to illustrate gateway communities 6
3 The structure of western Europe 8
4 The Mediterranean world in the ninth-sixth centuries BC 14
5 The central Mediterranean: routes and cities 15
6 The Straits of Gibraltar and adjacent territory 16
7 Greek colonization of southern Gaul 18
8 The geography of the Rhone delta 20
9 Massalia 21 •
IO Hallstatt burials in western Europe 25
11 Distribution of Massaliot amphorae and Attic black figured ware 26
12 Distribution of Etruscan beaked flagons and Attic red figured ware 27
13 Distribution of chieftains' hillforts in western central Europe 29
14 Location maps of Heuneburg and Mont Lassois 30
15 Routes and folk movements 520-400 BC 34
16 The tribes of southern Gaul 39
17 Cayla de Mailhac 41
18 Enserune 42
19 Nages and its region 44
20 Southern Gaul: selected settlements 46
21 Changes in ceramic assemblages from southern Gaulish sites 47
22 Entremont 48
23 The Rhone valley route 50
24 The Aude-Garonne route 52
25 The early development of Transalpina 54
26 Cosa and its region 66
27 Settefinestre: the overall plan of the estate buildings 67
28 Settefinestre: the wine and olive presses 68
29 Dressel 1 amphorae 70
30 Distribution of Sestius amphorae 72
31 Histogram of wrecks in southern Gaulish waters 74
32 Changing patterns of amphorae use in the Vaunage 75
33 Location of Narbo Martins 82
34 Distribution of .Dressel I amphorae in western Europe 84
35 The Aude-Garonne route: copper sources and amphorae 85
36 Markets in Gaul in the early first century BC 86
37 The cultural divisions of Gaul 93
38 State formation in barbarian Gaul 95
x List of illustrations
39 Distribution of Dressel rA amphorae in Armorica and Britain 98
40 Celtic markets in Armorica JOO
41 Tribes of Armorica 101
42 Hengistbury Head 102
43 The exploitation of south-west Britain in the early first century BC 103
44 Tribes of Belgica 105
45 Gaul: principal tribes and oppida 108
46 The progress of the Gallic War 58-55 BC 109
47 The progress of the Gallic War 54-51 BC 110
48 Alesia 113
49 Routes through Gaul in Augustan times 126
50 Mont Beuvray 134
51 Siting of Mont Beuvray and Autun 135
52 Siting of Pommiers, Villeneuve and Soissons 136
53 Villeneuve-St-Germain 138
54 Northern Gaul: routes, amphorae and elite burials 142
55 Distribution of Armorican axes and British ports-of-trade 146
56 Contact between Britain, Armorica and Belgica 148
57 Elite burials on the Chiltern fringes 151
58 La Tene III burials in south-eastern Britain 152
59 Socio-economic units in south-eastern Britain: early first century AD 154
60 The location of oppida: Canterbury, Verulamium and Dorchester-on-
Thames 155
61 The organisation of south-eastern Britain c. AD 50 160
62 Northern Britain c. AD 70 and c. AD 130 164
63 The tribes of northern Britain 165
64 Traprain Law 168
65 Germania: natural features 172
66 Roman imports in free Germany 178
67 Roman imports in free Germany 179
68 Roman imports in free Germany 180
69 Bohemia 182
70 Lii bsow burials 185
71 Socio-economic zones in Germany 187
72 Bornholm in the late Roman period 188
73 Model for c. 500 BC 194
74 Model for C. IO0 BC 196
75 Model for c. IO BC 198
76 Model for C. AD IO0 199
