Graphene from Natural Sources: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

237 Pages·2022·14.687 MB·English

by  Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin

Graphene from Natural
Sources

Graphene from Natural
Sources
Synthesis, Characterization,
and Applications
Edited by
Amir Al-Ahmed and Inamuddin
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-77091-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-77093-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-16974-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003169741
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ......................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract: Synthesis, Characterization,
and Applications ...........................................................................................................1
Akanksha R. Urade, Rita Joshi, K.S. Suresh, and Indranil Lahiri
Chapter 2 Graphene from Honey ................................................................................................29
Atul Kumar and Surender Duhan
Chapter 3 Graphene from Animal Waste ...................................................................................43
Vivian C. Akubude, Victor C. Okafor, and Jelili A. Oyedokun
Chapter 4 Graphene from Essential Oils ....................................................................................55
Telli Alia
Chapter 5 Synthesis of Graphene from Biowastes ......................................................................63
Nadia Akram, Muhammad Shahbaz, Khalid Mahmood Zia,
and Fozia Anjum
Chapter 6 Graphene from Rice Husk ..........................................................................................73
Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan
Chapter 7 Synthesis of Graphene from Vegetable Waste ...........................................................83
R Imran Jafri, Adona Vallattu Soman, Athul Satya,
Sourav Melethethil Surendran, and Akshaya S Nair
Chapter 8 Graphene Oxide from Natural Products and Its Applications
in the Agriculture and Food Industry .........................................................................95
Seyyed Sasan Mousavi and Akbar Karami
Chapter 9 Graphene from Sugarcane Bagasse: Synthesis, Characterization,
and Applications .......................................................................................................117
Gunjan Varshney, Eksha Guliani, and Christine Jeyaseelan
Chapter 10 Graphene Synthesis, Characterization and Applications .........................................139
Hamidreza Bagheri, Marzieh Fatehi, and Ali Mohebbi
v
vi Contents
Chapter 11 Graphene from Leaf Wastes .....................................................................................177
Devadas Bhat Panemangalore, Spandana Bhat Kuruveri,
and Udaya Bhat Kuruveri
Chapter 12 Biosynthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Functionality
as an Antibacterial Template ....................................................................................193
Aruna Jyothi Kora
Chapter 13 Graphene and Its Composite for Supercapacitor Applications ................................207
Priyadharshini Madheswaran and Pazhanivel Thangavelu
Index ..............................................................................................................................................219
Preface
Graphene (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) is a two-dimensional layered carbon mate-
rial. It is finding uses in many applications due to its fascinating electrical, thermal, and mechanical
properties. Bulk graphene is prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), epitaxial growth, and
an arc discharge method. In these approaches, graphene is obtained through a series of physical and
chemical changes using high temperatures and carbon precursor gas (e.g., methane, ethane)
and metal (e.g., copper, nickel) substrates; silicon carbide; or gas (e.g., hydrogen, helium) and graph-
ite sources, respectively. Graphene can also be obtained by chemical treatment of pure graphite
using the Hummers’ method. All these methods have higher yields but expensive and multistaged
methods and require strong conditions. However, graphene can also be obtained from natural and
industrial carbonaceous wastes and even from food items and insects through mild conditions.
There are many individual pieces of literature available on these topics; however, there is no com-
prehensively compiled book, so this book will be one of its kind in this field. This edition will
provide a state-of-the-art overview of graphene synthesis using different natural raw materials
including agricultural waste, vegetable waste, biowastes, and animal waste. Their methods of char-
acterization and some important applications are also discussed.
Chapter 1 discusses the synthesis, characterization, and applications of graphene synthesized
from sugar and sugarcane extracts. Its primary focus is on the quality/quantity of graphene obtained
by various routes using sugarcane extracts as the precursor and reducing agent. Furthermore, it
includes the present applications, prospects, and challenges.
Chapter 2 describes the honey-mediated green synthesis of graphene. The chemical composi-
tion and various properties of honey are discussed in detail. Various characterization techniques
and applications of honey-mediated green synthesized graphene are discussed in brief. The chapter
is mainly focused on the possibility of the replacement of inorganic chemicals from honey for the
synthesis of graphene along with its advantages, drawbacks, and future perspective.
Chapter 3 details the various methods of extracting graphene from agro-waste including animal
waste. Several potential applications of bio-graphene are also discussed in detail such as biomedi-
cal, electronics, batteries, conductive ink, etc.
Chapter 4 presents the different types of graphene, traditional methods of graphene synthesis,
and some applications of carbon-based nanomaterial. In addition, this chapter describes the com-
position, properties, and application of essentials oils. The use of essential oils in the fabrication of
graphene is also discussed.
Chapter 5 details the production of graphene from biowastes, which is a captivating idea particu-
larly when the petroleum and allied resources are continuously depleting. It also demonstrates an
overview of various implausible biowastes that have been utilized for the production of graphene.
It suggests these miraculous biowastes as a hidden treasure of precursors for graphene production.
Chapter 6 discusses the chemical composition and properties of rice husk (RH), graphene, and
RH nanocomposite manufacture. The main goal is to highlight the benefits and future viability of
available green synthesis processes for creating graphene from biomass precursors as a sustainable
energy source.
Chapter 7 discusses the facile synthesis of graphene from vegetable waste. The search for natural
precursors for the cost-effective and environmentally friendly synthesis of graphene is increasing
nowadays. Thus, several vegetable wastes that have the potential to be used as a precursor for gra-
phene synthesis are discussed in brief. Also, several vegetable wastes that can be used as a reducing
agent to obtain graphene are briefly discussed.
Chapter 8 details the history and green synthesis of graphene oxide. Applications of graphene
oxide are discussed in chemistry, physics, medicine, and food packaging. Additionally, environmen-
tally safe agriculture purposes are mentioned, such as growth promoters, slow-release fertilizers,
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viii Preface
pesticides, and heavy metal adsorbents that effectively stop environmental destruction and reduce
toxic chemicals.
Chapter 9 begins with a general introduction to graphene followed by the composition of sug-
arcane bagasse and why the disposal of this waste material is a problem. Acidic method, synthesis
from organic matter, Hummer's method, and using Urea are discussed. Various characterization
techniques like FTIR, UV, XRD, and SEM are mentioned along with the application of sugarcane
bagasse-derived graphene in the field of membranes, biomedical, sensors coatings.
Chapter 10 reviews recent developments, synthesis methods, characterization, and application
of produced graphene from leaf wastes and their derivatives as eco-friendly and low-cost sources.
The effects of temperature and synthesis conditions on the characteristics of produced graphene are
discussed. The synthesis of graphene quantum dots from leaves is also discussed.
Chapter 11 encompasses the synthesis and characterization of graphene and its derivatives using
leaf wastes. These bio-based and unused waste materials can provide significant results in produc-
ing graphene by avoiding the usage of toxic chemicals. Adapting inexpensive starting materials will
pave the way for sustainable processing and recycling of materials.
Chapter 12 briefly focuses on the biosynthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), functionaliza-
tion, rGO nanocomposite fabrication, and characterization and its functionality as an antibacterial
template. The antibacterial activity of the produced rGO nanocomposites on a vast number of bac-
teria and its mode of action are detailed.
Chapter 13 elucidates the advances of graphene for supercapacitor application. Initially, a detailed
description of the supercapacitor principle, fabrication, and characteristics is given. An outline of
modified graphene materials like fullerene, carbon onions is presented. The focus is mainly on vari-
ous graphene composites and their efficiency as electrode material for supercapacitors.
Editors
Amir-Al-Ahmed, PhD, is working as a Research Scientist-II (Associate Professor) in the
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), at King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia. He graduated in chemistry
from the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India. Then completed his
MPhil (2001) and PhD (2004) in Applied Chemistry from the Department of Applied Chemistry,
AMU, India, followed by three consecutive postdoctoral fellowships in South Africa and Saudi
Arabia. During this period, he worked on various multidisciplinary projects, in particular, conduct-
ing polymers, electrochemical sensors, nano-materials, polymeric membranes, electro-catalysis
and solar cells. At present, his research activity is fundamentally focused on the 3rd generation solar
cell devices, such as, low band gap semiconductors, quantum dots, perovskites, and tandem cells. At
the same time, he is also working on energy storage technologies, such as heat storage, evaluation
of electricity storage devices and dust repellent coating for PVs. He has worked on different NSTIP,
KACST and Saudi Aramco funded projects in the capacity of a principle and co- investigator.
Dr. Amir has eight US patents, over 60 journal articles, invited book chapters and conferences pub-
lications. He has edited ten books with Trans Tech Publication, Springer, and Elsevier and several
other books are in progress. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of an international journal Nano Hybrids
and Composites along with Professor Y. H. Kim.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He earned his MSc in organic chemistry at Chaudhary
Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He earned his MPhil and PhD in applied
chemistry at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has
extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials
chemistry, electrochemistry, and, more specifically, renewable energy and environment. He has
worked on different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by the
University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received the Fast Track Young Scientist
Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending
actuators and artificial muscles. He has completed four major research projects sanctioned by the
University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, the Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research, and the Council of Science and Technology, India. He has published 196
research articles in international journals of repute and 19 book chapters in knowledge-based book
editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published 145 edited books with
Springer (UK), Elsevier, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (USA), CRC Press – Taylor & Francis Asia
Pacific, Trans Tech Publications Ltd. (Switzerland), IntechOpen Limited (UK), Wiley-Scrivener
(USA), and Materials Research Forum LLC (USA). He is a member of various journals’ editorial
boards. He is an Associate Editor for several journals (Environmental Chemistry Letter, Applied
Water Science and Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, Springer-Nature),
Frontiers Section Editor (Current Analytical Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers), Editorial
Board Member (Scientific Reports, Nature), Editor (Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry), and
Review Editor (Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers, UK). He has also guest-edited various thematic
special issues to the journals of Elsevier, Bentham Science Publishers, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
He has attended as well as chaired sessions at various international and national conferences. He
has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative
Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy,
especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research
ix