GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences

323 Pages·2022·4.774 MB·English

by  Muhammad Amjad Nawaz, Gyuhwa Chung, Kirill Sergeyevich Golokhvast, Aristidis M. Tsatsakis

GMO AND POLITICAL STANCE
S
This pageintentionallyleftblank
GMO AND
S
POLITICAL
STANCE
Global GMO Regulation, Certification,
Labeling, and Consumer Preferences
Edited by
M A N
UHAMMAD MJAD AWAZ
AdvancedEngineeringSchool(Agrobiotek),TheNationalResearchTomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia
G C
YUHWA HUNG
DepartmentofBiotechnology,ChonnamNationalUniversity,YeosuCampus,Chonnam,SouthKorea
K S. G
IRILL OLOKHVAST
AdvancedEngineeringSchool(Agrobiotek),TheNationalResearchTomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia;
SiberianFederalScientificCenterofAgrobiotechnology,RussianAcademyofSciences,Krasnoobsk,Russia;
N.I.VavilovAll-RussianResearchInstituteofPlantGeneticResources,SaintPetersburg,Russia;
SECinNanotechnology,EngineeringSchool,FarEasternFederalUniversity,Vladivostok,Russia
A M. T
RISTIDIS SATSAKIS
DepartmentofToxicologyandForensics,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofCrete,VoutesCampus,Heraklion,
Crete,Greece
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Contents
List of contributors xi 2.5 Consumers’attitudetowardgenetically
modifiedfoods 17
1. GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, 2.6 Ethicalandenvironmentalconcerns 18
2.7 Healthissues 19
and Socio-Economic Regulatory
2.8 Emergenceofresistantpathogens 20
Frameworks 1
2.9 Harmonizationofregulatoryprocedures 20
MuhammadAmjadNawaz,MuhammadAmjadAli, 2.10 Product-basedandprocess-basedregulation
KirillS.Golokhvast,AristidisM.TsatsakisandGyuhwaChung ofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms 21
2.11 TheUSapproach:focusontheproduct 24
1.1 Abriefhistoryofgeneticallymodified
2.12 TheEUapproach:focusontheprocess 24
organisms 1
2.13 Impactofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms
1.1.1 Defininggeneticallymodified
regulationsontheeconomy 25
organisms 1
2.14 Thedebatebetweentwolobbies:pro-GMO
1.1.2 Majoreventsintheearlydevelopment
andGreenpeace 25
ofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms 2
2.15 Conclusionsandthewayforward 28
1.2 Globaleconomicstatusofgeneticallymodified
References 28
organisms 2
1.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismsinthelightof
3. GMO Regulations in Bangladesh 31
science,law,andpolitics 5
1.4 Risksassociatedwithgeneticallymodified NusratSultanaandMd.ImdadulHoque
organisms 7
1.4.1 Humanhealth 7 3.1 Summary 31
3.2 Adoptionofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsin
1.4.2 Disturbancesinecosystemand
Bangladesh 31
biodiversity 8
1.5 Politicizationofrisks 9 3.2.1 AnintroductionoftheBangladesh’s
statusongeneticallymodified
1.6 Socioeconomicregulatoryframeworks 10
organisms 32
1.7 Cartagenaprotocol,UNRiodeclaration,and
3.2.2 Roleofbiotechsectorineconomicsof
geneticallymodifiedorganisms 11
References 12 theBangladesh 32
3.2.3 Statusofresearchongenetically
modifiedorganismsinBangladesh 32
2. The need of regulations for 3.3 Publicperceptionandacceptability 33
GM crops and products thereof 15 3.3.1 Generalconsumerattitudetoward
geneticallymodifiedfood 33
AqsaParvaiz,SadamMunawar,MuhammadAmjadNawaz,
3.3.2 Factorsshapingpublicperception 34
GhulamMustafa,MuhammadSarwarKhanandFaizAhmadJoyia
3.3.3 Sourceofinformationavailabletopublic
2.1 Introduction 15 ongeneticallymodifiedfoods(media,
2.2 Needfortheregulationofgenetically government,NGOs,andbiotech
modifiedorganisms 16 companies) 35
2.3 Publicconcernsaboutgeneticallymodified 3.3.4 Publicperceptionandattitudetoward
organisms 17 geneticallymodifiedpolicies
2.4 Globalscenario 17 (globalandlocal) 38
v
vi
Contents
3.4 RoleofNGOsingeneticallymodified 4.9.4 Foodsafetylaw 68
organismsperception 39 4.9.5 Seedlaw 69
3.5 Legislation 39 4.9.6 Restrictionsongeneticallymodified
3.5.1 Nationallawsspecifictogenetically organismsinChina 69
modifiedorganisms 39 4.10 Socioeconomicimpactsofgenetically
3.6 Agencyregulations 40 modifiedorganisms 70
3.6.1 Biosafetycertification 40 4.11 Conclusion 71
3.7 Generaladministrationofqualitysupervision, References 71
penalties,inspectionandquarantine,import
andexport,andtransit 48 5. GMO Regulations in India 75
3.8 Guidanceforsafetyassessmentofgenetically
JeyachandranSivakamavalliandYashikaPusam
modifiedorganismsinBangladesh 48
3.8.1 Generalprecautions 50 5.1 Introduction 75
3.8.2 Generalprinciplesofsafety 5.2 Recentscenarioofgeneticallymodified
assessment 50 organismsinIndia 76
References 51 5.2.1 Guidelineofgeneticallymodified
organismsinIndia 78
5.3 Endorsementsandpreclusions 81
4. Agricultural genetically modified
5.4 Patternsinarea,production,andproductivity
organisms (GMOs) regulation
ofgeneticallymodifiedcropsinIndia 81
in China 53
5.5 Monetary,socialandenvironmentalimpactof
UsmanBabarandRuqiangXu geneticallymodifiedcropsinIndia 82
5.6 Biosafetyconcerns 83
4.1 Introduction 53 5.6.1 Transgenicanimalsforeconomic
4.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganisms advancements 84
legislation 55 5.7 Benefitsofmouse 85
4.2.1 Ministryofagricultureandrural 5.8 Usesofgeneticallymodifiedanimals 87
affairs 55 5.9 Agriculturalapplications 88
4.2.2 Generaladministrationofquality References 89
supervision,inspectionand
quarantine 55 6. Adaptation of genetically modified
4.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin crops in Pakistan 93
China 56
HafizaIqraAlmas,MuhammadTehseenAzhar,
4.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismapprovaland
RanaMuhammadAtif,MuhammadAhsanIqbal,
certification 57
AzeemIqbalKhanandIqrarAhmadRana
4.5 Geneticallymodifiedorganismslabeling
policy 58 6.1 Currentstatusofgeneticallymodified
4.6 Consumerpreferencesandpolitical organismsinPakistan 93
stance 59 6.2 Roleofbiotechsectorintheeconomyof
4.7 Approvedagriculturalgeneticallymodified Pakistan 94
organismsofChina 60 6.3 Statusofresearchongeneticallymodified
4.8 Geneticallymodifiedorganismliability organismsinPakistan 95
regime 60 6.4 Statusofcommercializationofgenetically
4.9 Geneticallymodifiedorganismsimport modifiedorganisms 99
legislation 66 6.5 GeneticallymodifiedcropsinPakistan 103
4.9.1 Unauthorizedgeneticallymodified 6.6 Legislation 107
organismregulation 66 6.6.1 Nationallawsspecifictogenetically
4.9.2 Plantvarietyrightslegislation 67 modifiedorganisms 107
4.9.3 Plantbreeder’sright 67 6.6.2 NationalBiosafetyCommittee 107
vii
Contents
6.7 TechnicalAdvisoryCommittee 108 8. Genetically modified
6.8 InstitutionalBiosafetyCommittee 109 organism status, regulation, approval,
6.8.1 RelationshipofIBC,TACand
labeling, and consumer perception in
NBC 109
ASEAN 129
6.8.2 Regulatoryauthority 110
6.8.3 Generaladministrationofquality BahagiawatiAmirhusin
supervision,penalties,inspection,and
8.1 Introduction 129
quarantine 112
8.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganism
6.9 Typesofimportandexport 112
commercializationandeconomic
6.10 Regulatorylawsformonitoringand
importance 130
testing 113
8.3 Statusofregulationongeneticallymodified
References 113
organismbiosafety 133
Furtherreading 114
8.4 Approvalgeneticallymodifiedorganism
status 140
7. Genetically modified organisms in
8.5 GeneticallymodifiedorganismR&D
Korea: state of affairs, policy, and
status 141
regulation 115
8.6 Labelingofgeneticallymodified
Ik-YoungChoi,TaeyoungUmandGyuhwaChung organisms 144
8.7 Publicperception,awareness,andacceptanceof
7.1 Summary 115 geneticallymodifiedorganismproducts 144
7.2 GeneticallymodifiedorganismsinKorea 116 8.8 Conclusions 147
7.2.1 Definitionofandcriteriaforgenetically References 147
modifiedorganismsinKorea 116
7.2.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganism
9. Current and future perspectives of
cultivationandimportsinKorea 117
7.2.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganism genetically modified organisms in
consumptionandawarenessin North America 151
Korea 117
UsmanIjaz,AimenShafique,NayabHasnain,
7.2.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismresearch
NaeemIqbalBabar,RoshanZameerandFarrukhAzeem
inKorea 119
7.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismpolicyin 9.1 Introduction 151
Korea 119 9.2 Regulationofgeneticallymodified
7.3.1 Managementofgeneticallymodified organisms 152
organismsafetyinKorea 119 9.2.1 Canada 152
7.3.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganismdamage 9.2.2 Mexico 153
relief 122 9.2.3 TheUnitedStates 154
7.3.3 Biosafetyinformationcenter 122 9.3 Principlesandrolesofgeneticallymodified
7.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin organismlabeling 155
Korea 123 9.4 Labelingpoliciesofgeneticallymodified
7.4.1 Geneticallymodifiedorganismlabeling organisms 155
inKorea 123 9.5 Consumerinterestininformationand
7.4.2 Criteriaformixingofgenetically consequenceforfoodsecurity 156
modifiedorganisms 124 9.6 Consumersattitudeandpreferencefor
7.4.3 Processforgeneticallymodifiedorganism geneticallymodifiedorganisms 157
R&DinKorea 125 9.7 Guidanceforsafetyassessmentofgenetically
7.4.4 Import,product,andprocessingof modifiedorganisms 159
geneticallymodifiedorganisms 125 9.8 Conclusion 160
References 127 References 160
viii
Contents
10. Genetically modified organisms in 11.2.1 GeneralcharacteristicsoftheRussian
Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and geneticallymodifiedorganisminterest
grouppolitics 176
the regulatory process(es) 165
11.2.2 Commonpublicconcernsabout
AllahBakhsh,RidaZainab,MuhammadAmjadAli, geneticallymodifiedorganisms 177
GyuhwaChung,KirillS.Golokhvastand
11.2.3 Positionofthescientific
MuhammadAmjadNawaz
community 178
10.1 Stateofgeneticallymodifiedorganismaffairs 11.2.4 Positionofantigeneticallymodified
inEurope 165 organismgroups 178
10.2 Birthandgrowthofgeneticallymodified 11.2.5 Positionofthemedia 179
organismresearchintheEurope 166 11.2.6 Positionofthereligiousgroups 180
10.3 HighlightsoftheEC-sponsoredresearchon 11.2.7 Positionoftheenvironmentalist
geneticallymodifiedorganisms(andtheir groups 180
safety) 166 11.2.8 Positionofthebusinessgroups 181
10.4 Politicsandregulationofgeneticallymodified 11.2.9 Positionofthegovernment 182
organismsintheEurope 168 11.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismpolicyin
10.4.1 Background 168 Russia 183
10.4.2 Legalframework 169 11.3.1 Historyofthenationalgenetically
10.4.3 EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority 169 modifiedorganismpolicy
10.4.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganism formulation 183
labeling 169 11.3.2 Nationalgeneticallymodified
10.4.5 Needforgeneticallymodified organismdevelopmentprograms 183
organismreformsintheregulatory 11.3.3 Lawsandregulationsthatapplyto
frameworkintheEurope 170 geneticallymodifiedorganisms 184
10.4.6 Approachesforreformingthe 11.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin
geneticallymodifiedorganisms Russia 187
legislationintheEurope 171 11.4.1 Governmentagenciesresponsiblefor
References 171 geneticallymodifiedorganism
regulationinRussia 187
11.4.2 Biosafetycertificationofgenetically
11. Genetically modified organisms in modifiedproducts 187
Russia: state of affairs, politics, 11.4.3 Registrationofgeneticallymodified
and regulation 173 organismproducts 188
11.4.4 Labelingofgeneticallymodified
IvanPisarev,MuhammadAmjadNawazandKirillS.Golokhvast
organismproducts 189
11.4.5 Regulationsofemerginggeneediting
11.1 GeneticallymodifiedorganismsinRussia:
technologies 189
stateofaffairs 173
References 190
11.1.1 Historyofgeneticallymodified
organismdevelopmentinRussia 173
12. An overview of regulations of
11.1.2 Roleofbiotechsectorintheeconomy
ofRussia 174 genetically modified organisms in
11.1.3 Statusofthegeneticallymodified Tu¨rkiye 193
organismresearchinRussia 174
AllahBakhsh,MdJakirHossain,BayramAliYerlikaya,
11.1.4 Statusofgeneticallymodified SefaAytenandSebahattinO¨zcan
organismcommercializationin
Russia 175 12.1 Background 193
11.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganisminterestgroup 12.2 Presentgeneticallymodifiedorganismsstatus
politicsinRussia 176 andtheirmaintenancepoliciesinTu¨rkiye 195
ix
Contents
12.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismslegislationin 13.2.1 Directactionagainstgenetically
Tu¨rkiye 203 modifiedcrops 239
12.4 Basicprinciplesondifferentaspectsofcurrent 13.2.2 Scientificevidenceongenetically
geneticallymodifiedorganismslegislationin modifiedorganismsrepresentsvarious
Tu¨rkiye 204 conclusions 239
12.4.1 Inspectionsystemlegislation 218 13.2.3 NGOs’useofscience 240
12.4.2 Certificateofgeneticallymodified 13.2.4 Considerationsbeyondscience 241
organismsornongeneticallymodified 13.2.5 Differingevaluationsofriskandneed
organisms 221 forpolicychange 241
12.4.3 Documentstakenintoaccountin 13.2.6 NGOs’roleintheprogressof
geneticallymodifiedorganisms geneticallymodifiedgoldenrice 241
controls 222 13.2.7 Thegeneeditingdebate 242
12.4.4 Conformityforimport 223 13.3 Legislation 243
12.4.5 Labeling 223 13.4 Agencyregulations 245
12.4.6 Sampling 224 13.5 Generaladministrationofquality,supervision,
12.4.7 Exportcontrolofgenetically penalties,inspection,andquarantine.Import
modifiedorganismsandproducts andexporttransit 246
thereof 225 References 249
12.4.8 Transitpasscontrolsofgenetically
modifiedorganismsandproducts 14. Genetically modified crops in Africa:
thereof 226 constraints, prospects, and policies 257
12.4.9 Domesticcontrolofgenetically
NdikoLudidi
modifiedorganisms 226
12.4.10 Traceability 227
14.1 ConstraintsandprospectsforAfricanfood
12.5 Conclusion 228 security 257
References 229
14.2 Africangeneticresourcesandtheir
potential 258
13. GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan 14.3 Publicperceptionofbiotechnologyand
countries: state of affairs, research, Africanpoliciesongeneticallymodifies
and regulation 231 crops 258
14.4 Conclusion 260
KokkinakisEmmanouil,AntoniouMichael,RobinsonClaire,
References 260
VardavasAlexanderandAristidisM.Tsatsakis
13.1 Publicperceptionandacceptability 231 15. Regulation of CRISPR edited food and
13.1.1 Labeling 232 feed: legislation and future 261
13.1.2 Characterizationofpublicopposition
MuhammadZubairGhouri,NaylaMunawar,
togeneticallymodifiedcropsand
SyedOvaisAftabandAftabAhmad
foods 232
13.1.3 Industryresponsestopublic 15.1 Background 261
attitudes 233 15.2 Geneticallymodifiedcropsandtheir
13.1.4 Roleofeducationandscientific potentialbenefits 263
knowledge 234 15.2.1 Regulatoryperspectivesofgenetically
13.1.5 Experimentinpublicengagementand modifiedorganisms 264
education 236 15.2.2 Process-basedregulationsfor
13.1.6 Consumers’views 236 geneticallymodifiedorganisms 264
13.1.7 Evidenceofhealthrisks 237 15.2.3 Product-basedregulationsfor
13.2 RoleofNGOsinpublicperceptionof geneticallymodifiedorganisms 265
geneticallymodifiedorganismsintheEU 238 15.2.4 Plantswithnoveltraits 265