Table Of ContentDevelopments in Geotechnical Engineering
A. Murali Krishna
Arindam Dey
Editors
S. Sreedeep
Geotechnics
for Natural and
Engineered
Sustainable
Technologies
GeoNEst
Developments in Geotechnical Engineering
Series editors
Braja M. Das, Henderson, USA
Nagaratnam Sivakugan, Townsville, Australia
ThisseriesonGeotechnicalEngineeringhasbeeninitiatedtoprovideanintegrated
platform for publishing in all areas of geotechnics and their applications to
engineering problems. The series focuses on the topics that have garnered recent
interest from a large research audience, including, butnot limited to, saturated and
unsaturated soils, expansive soils, geosynthetics, marine geotechnics, and soil
improvement. This series includes monographs, textbooks, and references in the
general area of Geotechnical Engineering. The books in this series will serve
researchers, practitioners, and students alike.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13410
A. Murali Krishna Arindam Dey
(cid:129)
S. Sreedeep
Editors
Geotechnics for Natural
and Engineered Sustainable
Technologies
GeoNEst
123
Editors
A.Murali Krishna S. Sreedeep
Department ofCivil Engineering Department ofCivil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam Guwahati, Assam
India India
ArindamDey
Department ofCivil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam
India
ISSN 2364-5156 ISSN 2364-5164 (electronic)
Developments inGeotechnical Engineering
ISBN978-981-10-7720-3 ISBN978-981-10-7721-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7721-0
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Foreword
Since the advent of soil mechanics as a separate discipline in Civil Engineering
(through the contribution of Terzaghi on effective stress concept), more and more
phenomena have come to light which could not be explained by the basic laws of
mechanicsandhydraulics.Greaterindustrializationhasledtolanduseirrespective
ofitssuitability.Therefore,differentgroundimprovementtechniqueshaveevolved,
resulting in the development of several techniques of handling soils for desired
purposes. One of the major areas of a rapid development is Environmental
Geotechnique and other similar subjects of practical significance.
The Indian Geotechnical Society as part of their regular activity has been
organizing regularly annual conferences since 1960 with the first Asian Regional
Conference, organized at New Delhi. Different local chapters of IGS have taken
responsibility of organizing the annual conferences every year in the month of
December without fail. One such annual conference is being organized by the
Guwahati Chapter this year (2017).
The organizing committee has deliberately chosen the theme topics such as
Geoenvironmental Engineering, Ground Improvement Techniques, Soil Dynamics
andEarthquakeEngineering,BehaviourofUnsaturatedSoils,Geohydrology,Dam
and Embankment Engineering, Rock Mechanics, Tunnelling and Underground
Structures, Uncertainties Risk and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering,
Transportation Geotechnique, Computational Geomechanics and Geotechnical
Modelling, Marine Geotechnique, Geosynthetic Engineering, along with conven-
tional topics such as Earth-Retaining Structures, Slope Stability, Foundations in
Difficult Soils and Geotechnical and Geophysical Investigations.
It is heartening to note that significant contributions have been received on all
the topics and are being brought out as a Springer Publication during the con-
ference with all the keynote and subtheme contributions.
v
vi Foreword
The book “Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered Sustainable Technologies:
GeoNEst” is being brought out as Springer book series “Developments in
Geotechnical Engineering” (Eds: A. Murali Krishna, Arindam Dey and
S. Sreedeep).
This book will be a useful reference material for both postgraduate courses and
further research programmes.
Bangalore, India A. Sridharan, Ph.D. (Purdue), DSc (IISc)
President, IGS, 1997 and 1998, Formerly Professor
of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Foreword from the IGS President
The edited volume on “Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered Sustainable
Technologies:GeoNEst”isanoutcomeoftheIndianGeotechnicalConferenceheld
intheIndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahatiduring14–16December2017.The
compilation has excellent contributions in the areas of subsurface investigations,
modellingofsoilstructureinteractions,useofEPSfoamtoreducelateralpressures,
comprehensive characterization of municipal solid waste, unsaturated soils, cracks
andfracturesinrocks,retrofittingofstructures,failureanalysisoflandfills,studyof
groundmotionsforintra-plateregionsforearthquakeresistantdesign,uncertainties
in site characterization using surface wave techniques and their effects on ground
response, impact of flooding on highways, framework for sustainability and resi-
dence in geotechnical engineering, case studies on offshore geotechnics, forensic
study on the causes of failure of stone columns, runout of flow landslides and
geocell applications.
Thecontributionsaretimelyandaddresscontemporaryissuesandchallengesin
geotechnical engineering. I congratulate the authors of articles and editors of the
volumefortheirinitiativeinbringingaveryusefulcontributiontothegeotechnical
engineering practice.
Bangalore, India Prof. G. L. Siva Kumar Babu
President, Indian Geotechnical Society
Professor, Indian Institute of Science
vii
Editorial Preface
In the recent decades, India has experienced tremendous boom towards urbaniza-
tion resulting in a rapid change in the socio-economic structure of the country. In
ordertocatertheneedsofmillions,engineeringsectorhasbeenflourishingbeyond
its limits. The need for the development has long crossed the metropolitan city
limitsandhastransgressedinthedifficultterrainsofthecountry.Asaconsequence,
natural and engineered technologies are continually evolving in research and
practiceleadingtoopeningupofseveralnewvistasofimplementation,application
anddevelopment.However,theneedforthehourisnotonlytoquicklyprovidethe
short-term supplies and solutions, but also to present long-term sustainable solu-
tions to enhance the performance life of the adopted developmental solutions. In
this regard, it is also important to focus on the culminating natural and anthro-
pogenic disasters and develop procedures to minimize them. Since almost a hefty
share of such disasters involve the geomaterials such as soils, rocks and the
present-day advanced composite materials, it is immensely important to visit the
domain of geotechnical engineering with a critical emphasis given to the sustain-
able approaches to natural and engineered geotechnical technologies. This thought
avenues have brewed the concept of Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered
Sustainable Technologies (GeoNEst) to be taken up as the theme of the Indian
Geotechnical Conference 2017 (IGC-2017). In this regard, the basic concept is
presented as a congregation of several subthemes, each of which is targeted to a
specific and important issue of geotechnical engineering research and practice.
This book titled Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered Sustainable
Technologies(GeoNEst)isthecongregationoftheexpertdeliberationsmadeatthe
Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 (IGC-2017) held on 14–17 December 2017
at IIT Guwahati, India. A total of 29 eminent researchers and practitioners con-
tributed to the fortification of the current state of the art and practice, thus paving
the avenues towards the future research in the purview of the theme of the con-
ferenceanditsvariouscrucialsubthemes.Thebookisorchestratedwith29chapters
describing various vistas of natural and engineered sustainable geotechnical engi-
neering technologies.
ix
x EditorialPreface
Chapter “Addressing Sustainable Technologies in Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering” addresses the theme of the conference in
describing the sustainability issues of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engi-
neering problems and their contribution to the climate change and global envi-
ronmentalimpactsduetotheusageofasubstantialamountofmaterialandenergy.
Chapter “Geotechnics of Soft Ground” elucidates the geotechnical characteristics
and behaviour of soft ground which are commonly improved by preloading
accompanied by prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) or load-displacement piles.
Chapter “Soil–Structure Interaction Analysis of Pile Foundations Subjected to
Dynamic Loads” explains the dynamic soil–structure interaction (SSI) analysis
of pile-supported structures. Dynamic response of single and group piles,
embeddedinclaysoilhavingvaryingconsistencies,hasbeenexplainedwiththeaid
ofsophisticatedfiniteelementanalyses.Chapter“CascadedRecycleofWasteTires
—Some Novel Approaches Toward Sustainable Geo-Construction and Climate
Change Adaptation” describes a novel approach towards sustainable geotechnical
engineeringthroughtheusageandapplicationofrecycledwastetyresforvarious
disaster mitigation techniques. Experience of such approach adopted in Japan
shares the benefit of using tyre-derived materials towards sustainable geotechnical
applications. Chapter “Static and Seismic Slope Safety Displacement-Based
Criterion for Seismic Analysis” describes the application of displacement-based
criterion to ascertain the static and seismic slope safety. The intricate description
provides a basis for better approach to understanding the development of critical
mechanismsandpost-seismicdamageincurredintheslopesduetoaseismicevent.
Chapter “On the Use of Scaled Model Tests for Analysis and Design of Offshore
WindTurbines”describestheapplicationofscaledmodeltestsfortheanalysisand
design of offshore wind turbines. The challenges in designing such foundations
are described, and in this regard, the rationale for conducting scaled model tests is
provided. Scaling issues are discussed in lieu of proposing a methodology to scale
the model tests for predicting the long-term consequences form the prototypes.
Chapter “Modeling and Behavior of Geosynthetics-Reinforced Foundation” effi-
ciently describes the importance of geosynthetic-reinforced foundations and
providesatreatiseonthemodellingandbehaviourofsuchfoundationsystems.The
state-of-the-art development of the analytical techniques commonly used to delin-
eate the behaviour of such foundations based on lumped parameter modelling is
presented. Chapter “Image-Based Characterization Techniques for Geotechnical
Applications” presents the advanced image-based characterization techniques
utilizing the sophisticated digital technologies for geotechnical characterization.
The importance and benefit of such techniques are illustrated through various
applications.
Chapter “Geotechnical Challenges in Tunnelling Through Weak Rocks” details
the challenges associated with tunnelling in weak rocks involving tunnel insta-
bility, rock mass yielding and excessive deformation resulting out of squeezing
