Genes, Peoples and Languages

241 Pages·2001·9.13 MB·English

by  Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza

PENGUIN BOOKS
GENES, PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES
'Thermea yb en oc ontemporsacrhyo lwahroh a'asm ore
detaiulnedde rstandoifhn ugm an diversiotray m orec ompelling
visioofni t'su nifhiiesdt o.r.yT. h ipsro jecitsa ni mmense
intelleaccthuiaelv emaenndtG ,e nesP,e oplaensdL anguages
isa fi new ayt og eta s ensoefi tssc opEed'w arRdo thstein,
The NewY 01T-ikrne s
<Icth allenugste osd efinweh awt eu nderstoanfd« r acaen"d i ts
authhoars f onre arhlayl afc entumrayd es emincaoln tributtioo ns
thes tudoyfe volutiogneanrye tiicnas d,d ittioop no ssessaim nogs t
wondelftualle nfto tre llinagg reastt OlG),e'a r6Tiudo hy,
IrishT imes
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oft hifsa scinating polwyhmofa ottrhh ,el asfiftyt- five yearhsa s
beend evelopiinngge nimoeutsh odtsou ndersttahnehd i story
ofe verybod. .y. G enesP,e oplaensdL anguagiesas,m ongo ther
thUlgaSni, n tellebcitougalr a-phacy omplpeoxrt raoifat s cientist
capabolfem entajlulgyg ltinhgep articualbaoruestv erythianndg
evel)'bowdhyi,lr ee mainingc ontinuaallelrtyt og randde signs'
JaredD iamonNde,w Y orRke viewo fB ooks
'Thaeu thhoras lonbge ena tt hef orefroofrn ets eartchhau ts es
humang enetasi casw ayo fu nraveloluirpn ags Itn.t hissh orltu,c id
bookh e descrtihbeie nsS igthhtasht a vbee eng aineda boutth ew ay
ours pecieevso lvanedd sprealde,a ditnodg i fferreanctec su,l tures
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Thew orldl'esa dienxgp erto nh umanp opulatgieonne ticLsu,i gi
LucaC avalli-Sfowrazsab orn inG enoai n1 92a2n dh ast aughatt
theu niversoiftC iaemsb ridgeP,a rmaa ndP aviHae. isc urrently
activPer ofesEsmoerri tuosf G eneticastS tanforUdn iversaintdisy
thea uthoorf Genes. He is
ThHeis toaryn Gde ogroafHp uhmayn
aF oreiMgenm bero ft heR oyaSlo ciety.
G nee s , e0 p .es1 an l a ang sge u
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L uigil uca C vaallio-rSazf
Translabtye d MaSreki elstad
PENGUIN BOOKS
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www.peguinn.com
Originallyp ublishWledde thre ti tlG<mese. peupletea / ongues
First publishienEd n gliisnth h UeS Aas Genes. Peopla.esnd Languagesb yN ortPho iPnrte ss.
ad i\lls1ono fF anar. Straus andGIro ux 2000
First publishIenCd re atB rttalnb yAl lenlane TheP enguin Press 2000
PublishPeedn guiniB no ob2 001
9
Copyright© Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sfo2ru.00 1
Alrilgh ts reserved
Them oralri ghto fth ea uthohras beeasns erted
Printed in EnglanbdyC laysL td.5t lvapsi c
Exceinp tt heU nitedSlat es ofA merica.t hbiosois k s olsdu bject
to tlle condiItishaltol n n othatbt. y w ayo ftrad e oroth erwise.be !ent.
re-sohlldr.os ud t.o ro therwise Circwiulathteodu thte p ublisher's
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conditiboeni nIgm posoendth e·subseqpueurchnaste r
ISBN-1937:8 -0-14-029602-0
CONTENTS
Prfaecevi i
Acknloewdgmeixn ts
1.Ge neas ndH istory3
2.A walkt heW oods 33
in
3.O fA dama ndE ve 57
4.T echnologRiecvaoll utiaonndsG eneG eograph9y2
5.G eneansd Language1s3 3
6.C ultuTrraaln smisasnidoE nv oluti1on7 3
Bibliogra2p0h9y
Index2 15

Prfeace
Thibso oks urveytsh er esearcohnh umane volutiforno mt hem any
differfieenltdo sfs tudtyh acto ntribtuoot uerlm owledgIeti. s a h is­
toryo ft hel asth undredt housanyde arrse,l yionng a rcheology,
geneticansd, lin guisticsH.a ppitlhye,s teh redies cipliarnee nso wg en­
eratinmgan y newd ataan di nsigAhltoslf, t hme canb ee xpectteod
convertgoew arda c ommons to,rya ndb ehintdh emm ustl iae single
histoSryi.n gelayc,ah p proahcash m anyl acunbauet,h opefutlhleyi r
synthecsainhs e ltpo fi llt heg apsO.t hesrc iences--culantthuror­al
pologdye,m ograpehcyo,n omey,c ologyS,O ciology-are jioni ning
the effoartn,d a rjeu stly becpoilamlrinosgf i nteertpartion.
Itw oulbde i mpossitbolc eo mmunicattheec onclusaiboonust
humanh istoarnydt hec ausoefsh umane volutiifoo nne h adto r ely
ont hej argoonfss uchdi versdei sciplSicnieesn.t tiefircm inology
insurperse cisainodin n creatsheess p eeodf c ommunicataimoonn g
specialibsuttis t,c reatae bsa rriebre tweetnh ema ndt heg eneral
publiIch a.v ter iteodr estrmiyc uts eo fj argtoona minimuma,n dI
havael saot temptteoed xp laint ermasn dm ethodusn knowtno t he
VII
generpalu bliTch.e r espontsoef oreiegndi tionos ft hibso ok( in
FrencIht,a liSapna,n isahn,dG ermani)n dicattehsam to str eaders
havneo d ifficulitynf ollowthien sgc ienpcree senhteerde a,n dc an
apprecimautlet idisciplinarity.
.
Tos omeh,i sto(ryi nGludienvgo lutii�onn o)ta s cienbceec,a use
itrse sulctasn nobte r eplicaatnedthd u sc annobte t estbeydth e
experimenmtealt hodB.u ts tudyitnhges amep henomenforno m
many differaenngtl efsr,o m mandyi scipleiancehos f,w hich sup­
pliiensd ependfeanctt s, has otfhlea rvgaielnludyee pendreenpte ­
titioTnh.i msa ketsh em ultidiSciapplpirnoaaryic nhd ispensable.
An importacnotn clustihoanet m ergefsr omth isw orki st hat
humang eneteivco luthiaosbn e enh eaVialfyf ecbtyet de chnological
innovatiaonndsb yc ultucrhaaln gien,g enerCalu.l turmee,a ning
thea ccumulaotfikn oonw ledgoev egre neratiiostn hsem, a ind iffer­
enceb etween humaanndso thearn ima(ltsh dei ffereinsoc neeo f
degree, becauset oanoli,em aarndl usri,n g tlihveeiasrn dt ransmit
knowledtgoef utugreen eratiCounlst)u.rt alr ansmisissti hounas n
importaonbtj eocfts tudoyn,et hahta sb eend ramaticanlleyg lected.
Chapt6eir s d evotteodi t.
Thes ubjeocftt h ibso ohka sS ignifiimcpanlitc atiofnoisrm portant
sociparlo bleImtse .xp lainamso,n g othethri ngsw,h yr acisims f alla­
ciouGse.n eticissi nstrumentsalh aipni unsgb, u ts ot,o oa,r et hec ul­
turaslo,c ianadl ,p hysiecnalvi ronmenitnw sh icwhe l ivTeh.e m ain
genetdiicf fereanrcebe estw eenin dividuaalnsdn otb etweenp opula­
tionso,r so-c"arlalceedDs i.ff"e renocfeg se netic oarimgionn gt he
lattaerren oto nlsym all( rapibdleyc omienvge ns mallerw itht he
recenactc eleraotfti roann sportaantido nb,o thm igrataonryd c ul­
tureaxlc hanbguet)' alssuop erfiCaittrialb,u tabmloes tltoyr esponses
tot hed ifferecnlti maitnew sh icwhe l ivMeo.r eovtheerr,e a res erious
difficultiine sd istinguishbinegt weegne netiancd cultudrialff er­
encebse,t weenna tuanrde nurture.
My greatheospte i st hatth er eader expertiheens caemsei ntel­
lectuplaela suIhr aev wiet he acehx pectaenddu nexpecfitneddi ng,
uncoversionm ga nyp oinotfsa greemeanmto ngd iscipltihnaets
havbee enke pcta refuslelpya raftosero l ong.
VIII
A ck no wel e nts
dgm
Thibso oko wesm ucht om anyp eoplIetw. a sc onceiwvheedn I w as
invitien1d 98a1n d1 98t9og ivae s erioefsl ectuartet sh eC ollege
deF rancTeh.e " Colleigsea" w onderful insctrietauttbeiydo n
FrancIit soc ountertahceat r rogaanncde backwarodftn hee$s osr ­
bonnea,n dt oe xempliafy c enteorfe xcelleJnacceq.u Reusffl e's
arrangememnottisv amteed t owri te my lecturaensdg, a vmee the
wondelfchualn cet ot wices penad m onthi nP arisi nt hes pring,
delivetrihnegm I.n 1 99O4d,i lJea coebx presisnetde rienps utb lish­
ingt hel ectuirnea s n ews erieosf b ookbsa seodn c oursaetst he
Collegaen,ds oI r ewromtye lectufrreosm s cratfcohrt het hird
timeT.h eI taleidaint iwoansa f ourtohp portunMiyt fyo.r mesrt u­
dentM ark Seielswtaasdn otd eterrbeyds ignificdiafnfte rences
betweent heF rencahn dt heI taliaend itionbsu,tu setdh emb otihn
ordetroi mprotvheeE nglitsrha nslawtihoinc,hh e c ompletwehdi le
int het hrooefsp reparhiinsgP h.Ddi.s sertataitoH na rvardT.h e
needt or evisteh eE ngliesdhi tiowna sa lsao n ewa ndi rresistible
temptatfioomrne tou pdataen dm odify theb ooka gaiTnh.i fisf th
IX