Gender and Chinese Archaeology (Gender and Archaeology)

416 Pages·2004·20.858 MB·English

by  Katheryn M. Linduff (editor), Yan Sun (editor)

Gender and Chinese
Archaeology
GENDER AND ARCHAEOLOGY SERIES
Series Editor
Sarah Milledge Nelson
University of Denver
This series focuses on ways to understand gender in the past through archaeology.
This is a topic poised for significant advances in both method and theory, which in
turn can improve all archaeology. The possibilities of new methodological rigor as well
as new insights into past cultures are what make gendered archaeology a vigorous
and thriving subfield.
The series welcomes single authored books on themes in this topical area, particularly
ones with a comparative focus. Edited collections with a strong theoretical or method
ological orientation will also be considered. Audiences are practicing archaeologists
and advanced students in the field.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Philip Duke, Fort Lewis College
Alice Kehoe, Marquette University
Janet Levy, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Margaret Nelson, Arizona State University
Thomas Patterson, University of California, Riverside
K. Anne Pyburn, Indiana University
Ruth Whitehouse, University College London
BOOKS IN THE SERIES
Volume 1, In Pursuit of Gender: Worldwide Archaeological Approaches, Sarah Milledge
Nelson and Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, Editors
Volume 2, Gender and the Archaeology of Death, Bettina Arnold and Nancy L. Wicker,
Editors
Volume 3, Ancient Maya Women, Traci Ardren, Editor
Volume 4, Sexual Revolutions: Gender and Labor at the Dawn of Agriculture, by Jane
Peterson
Volume 5, Ancient Queens: Archaeological Explorations, Sarah Milledge Nelson, Editor
Volume 6, Gender in Ancient Cyprus: Narratives of Social Change on a Mediterranean Island,
by Diane Bolger
Volume 7, Ambiguous Images: Gender and Rock Art, by Kelley Hays-Gilpin
Volume 8, Gender and Chinese Archaeology, Katheryn M. Linduff and Yan Sun, Editors
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
Prospective authors of single or coauthored books and editors of anthologies should
submit a letter of introduction, the manuscript or a four- to ten-page proposal, a book
outline, and a curriculum vitae. Please send your book manuscript/proposal packet
to:
Gender and Archaeology Series
AltaMira Press
1630 North Main Street #367
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
[phone]
www.altamirapress.com
Gender and Chinese
Archaeology
Edited by
Katheryn M. Linduff
and Yan Sun
0?~)
ALTM'\IRA
PRESS
A Division of
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Walnut Creek· Lanham· New York· Toronto· Oxford
Dedicated to
Cho-yun Hsu
University Professor Emeritus
Department of History
University of Pittsburgh
Our teacher, mentor, and friend
ALTAMIRA PRESS
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Copyright © 2004 by AltaMira Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gender and Chinese archaeology / edited by Katheryn M. Linduff and Yan
Sun.
p. cm.-(Gender and archaeology series; v. 8)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-0-7591-0409-9
1. China-Antiquities. 2. Archaeology-China. 3. Burial-China.
4. Gender identity-China. I. Linduff, Katheryn M. II. Sun, Yan, 1970-
III. Series.
DS715.G45 2004
931-dc22 2003025988
Printed in the United States of America
@TMThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Contents
Figures and Charts vii
Tables xiii
Foreword xvii
Cho-yun Hsu
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction: Gender and Chinese Archaeology 1
Part I: The Neolithic Period
1 Marxist and Post-Marxist Paradigms for the Neolithic 11
Gideon Shelach
2 Gender Ideology and Mortuary Practice in Northwestern
China 29
Yan Sun and Hongyu Yang
3 The Late Neolithic Cemetery at Dadianzi, Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region 47
Jui-man Wu
Part II: Shang Dynastic Period
4 Rank and Power among Court Ladies at Anyang 95
Ying Wang
Part III: Zhou Dynastic Period
5 Ritual Practice, Status, and Gender Identity: Western Zhou
Tombs at Baoji 117
Yu Jiang
6 Gender Differentiation in Jin State Jade Regulations 137
Tsui-mei Huang
7 Gender, Status, Ritual Regulations, and Mortuary Practice in
the State of Jin 161
Ying Yong
8 Female and Male Status Displayed at the Maoqinggou
Cemetery 203
Xiaolong Wu
9 Gender Relations and Labor Division at the Pingyang Site 237
Jian-jing Li
Part IV: Han-date Period
10 Female Divinities in Han Dynasty Representation 259
Sheri A. Lullo
11 Horsemen in the Dian Culture of Yunnan 289
Tze-huey Chiou-Peng
12 Textile Production and Female Status in Bronze Age Yunnan 315
Penny Rode
Glossary of Chinese Characters 339
Bibliography 343
Index 379
About the Contributors 389
Figures and Charts
Figure 1.1. Statues of a half-naked woman leader (seated)
and her woman bodyguard at the Xinle
Neolithic museum, Shenyang, Liaoning
Province. 15
Figure 2.1. Archaeological sites of the Majiayao and Qijia
cultures. 30
Figure 2.2. Relief female figure on a ceramic urn from
Datong Housihe. 43
Figure 2.3. Relief female figure and anthropomorphic
decoration on a ceramic jar at Ledu Liuwan. 43
Figure 2.4. Dancing scene on ceramic bowls. 44
Figure 2.5. Frog motifs on pottery from Ledu Liuwan. 45
Figure 3.1. Location of the Dadianzi cemetery. 48
Figure 3.2. Topographic map of the Dadianzi site including
the residential site and cemetery site. 49
Figure 3.3. Tomb M5 at the Dadianzi cemetery. 50
Figure 3.4. Distribution by sex of deceased at the Dadianzi
cemetery. 54
Figure 3.5. Distribution by age of deceased at the Dadianzi
cemetery. 55
Figure 3.6. (a) Painted ceramic vessels, found in M726,
Dadianzi cemetery. (b) 1, Cui and 2, jue found
in M666 (M666: 7,8), Dadianzi cemetery. 58
Figure 3.7. Distribution of elite groups of North I and North
II at the Dadianzi cemetery. 61
Figure 3.8. (a) Axe and yue found in M726 and M483,
Dadianzi cemetery. (b) Bronze objects found in
M715, M683, and M43, Dadianzi cemetery. 65
Figure 3.9. (a) Jade pendants found in the Dadianzi
cemetery. (b) Jade arm ornaments found in the
Dadianzi cemetery. 69
Figure 3.10. (al) Gui and (a2) jue found in M905 (M905: 9, 10),
Dadianzi cemetery. (bl) gui and (b2) jue found
in M931 (M931: 10, 11), Dadianzi cemetery. 87
Figure 5.l. Yu cemeteries at Rujiazhuang, Zhuyuangou, and
Zhifangtou, Baoji. 118
Figure 5.2. Bronze ding and inscription from tomb BRMl,
Rujiazhuang, Baoji. 119
Figure 5.3. Tombs BRMI and BRM2 at Rujiazhuang, Baoji. 120
Figure 5.4. Upper: layout of tomb BRMl; lower: cut-face of
BRMI. 121
Figure 5.5. Bronze gui and inscription from tomb BRM2 at
Rujiazhuang, Baoji. 122
Figure 5.6. Bronze gui from tomb BRMI at Rujiazhuang,
Baoji. 127
Figure 5.7. Bronze zun from tomb BRMI at Rujiazhuang,
Baoji. 128
Figure 5.8. Jade deer buried with Er from tomb BRMl,
Rujiazhuang, Baoji. 130
Figure 5.9. Bronze ding and inscription from tomb BRM2 at
Rujiazhuang, Baoji. 131
Chart 6.l. Gender comparison of burial goods from coupled
graves of Qucun (Period 1-1). 143
Chart 6.2. Gender comparison of burial goods from coupled
graves of Qucun (Period 1-2). 143
Chart 6.3. Gender comparison of burial goods from coupled
graves of Qucun (Period 3). 144
Chart 6.4. Gender comparison of burial goods from coupled
graves of Shangma (Period 4). 145
Chart 6.5. Gender comparison of burial goods from coupled
graves of Shangma (Periods 6 and 7). 146
Chart 6.6. Ge, gui, and bronze vessels from male graves of
Qucun. 148
Chart 6.7. Ge, gui, and bronze vessels from female graves of
Qucun. 148
Chart 6.8. Ge, gui, and bronze vessels from male graves of
Shangma. 151
Chart 6.9. Ge, gui, and bronze vessels from female graves of
Shangma. 151
Chart 6.10. Gender distribution of erjue from Quctm. 153
Chart 6.1l. Distribution of different ranks of graves buried
with jue from Qucun. 155
Chart 6.12. Gender distribution of erjue from Shangma. 155
Chart 6.13. Distribution of different ranks of graves buried
with jue from Shangma. 157
Figure 6.l. Bronze ge and jade (stone) ge and gui from Qucun
and Shangma cemeteries. 140
Figure 6.2. Jade and stone jue from cemeteries of Jin state. 141
Figure 6.3. Pendant units and stringed jades from ducal
tomb M91 and duchess tomb M92. 142
Figure 7.l. Map of China showing the locations of the
cemetery of the marquises of Jin and some
other Western Zhou sites. 164
Figure 7.2. Layout of the cemetery of the marquises of Jin at
Beizhao, Quwo, Shanxi. 165
Figure 7.3. Bronzes discovered in tomb Ml13 at the cemetery
of the marquises of Jin. 180
Figure 7.4. Bronze inscriptions in tombs M13 and M63 and
the design on the gui vessels discovered in
tomb M13 at the cemetery of the marquises of
Jin and a bronze mirror from Gamatai,
Qinghai. 181
Figure 7.5. Bronze vessels and jade objects discovered in
tomb M63 at the cemetery of the marquises
of Jin. 183
Figure 7.6. Jade body ornament sets discovered at the
cemetery of the marquises of Jin. 188
Chart 8.l. Plan size of tombs of males, females, and infants. 210
Chart 8.2. Female tombs clustered into ranks according to
burial goods. 225
Chart 8.3. Male tombs clustered into ranks according to
burial goods. 226
Figure 8.1. Map showing the location of the Maoqinggou
cemetery. 205
Figure 8.2. Map of the Maoqinggou cemetery (east-west-
oriented tombs in black, north-south-oriented
tombs in gray). 206
Figure 8.3. M6 and examples of its grave goods. 207
Figure 8.4. Detail of M60 showing belt ornaments and a
dagger in situ. 214
Figure 8.5. Necklace found in MS. Based on Tian and Guo. 216
Figure 8.6. Gold headdress from Aluchaideng. 217
Figure 8.7. Detail of M43. 219
Figure 8.8. Detail of M3 showing belt ornaments in situ. 220
Figure 8.9. Detail of MI0 showing belt ornaments in situ. 221
Figure 8.10. Detail of M5 showing belt ornaments in situ. 222