Table Of ContentK13081_cover 11/3/11 1:57 PM Page 1
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND LAW O’Deane
GANG
G
INJUNCTIONS
A
AND N
G
Using Civil Remedies to
ABATEMENT
Curb Gang-Related Crimes I
N
J
As gang violence continues to rise across the country and the world, police departments,
U
prosecutors, and community members are seeking new methods to reduce the spread of
gang-related criminal activity. Civil gang injunctions have become a growing feature of crime N
control programs in several states across the nation. Gang Injunctions and Abatement:
C
Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes examines the effectiveness of this
strategy and explores the accompanying constitutional controversies related to freedom of T
speech, assembly, and other rights. I
O
N
Questions raised by this thought-provoking volume include:
• What are the costs of gang violence to society? S
• Do civil remedies curb violence in the communities where they are implemented?
• What factors make a given injunction or abatement more or less effective? A
• What legal and policy issues stand in the way of gang injunctions and abatement? N
D
Providing step-by-step instructions on how to establish a successful injunction and abatement
program, the book presents comprehensive research on the theoretical basis for the strategy.
A
It includes a legal and chronological progression of actual cases and their outcomes, describing
weaknesses and successes in various programs. Supplying succinct guidelines from lessons B
learned, the book enables prosecutors, police agencies, and the public to take steps toward A
eradicating gang activities in their communities.
T
E
M
E
N
T
K13081
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Composite
GANG
INJUNCTIONS
AND
ABATEMENT
Using Civil Remedies to
Curb Gang-Related Crimes
K13081_Book.indb 1 11/15/11 9:45 AM
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GANG
INJUNCTIONS
AND
ABATEMENT
Using Civil Remedies to
Curb Gang-Related Crimes
Matthew D. O’Deane
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
K13081_Book.indb 3 11/15/11 9:45 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20111107
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6788-4 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
List of Figures .........................................................................xxix
List of Tables .........................................................................xxxiii
About the Author ..................................................................xxxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................1
Criminal Law versus Civil Law ..............................3
Public Nuisances .....................................................4
What Is an Injunction or Abatement? ......................6
The Gang Problem ..................................................8
Definition of Terms ...............................................10
Stage 1: At Risk or Peripheral ...........................13
Stage 2: Associates or Affiliates ........................14
Stage 3: Gang Members .....................................14
Stage 4: Hard-Core Gang Members ..................15
Stage 5: Gang Leaders ......................................15
No Single Method Will Solve the Problem ............17
Chapter 2 Steps 1 to 5 of the Injunction Process ...................21
Step 1: Start with a Motivated and
Knowledgeable Prosecutor and Police Officer ......21
Step 2: Accurately Identify the Nuisance
Activity and the Problem .......................................24
Step 3: Identify the Defendants or Gang
to Be Named or Targeted by the Injunction ..........26
What Are DOEs? ..............................................28
Step 4: Identify and Describe the Target
Location, Target Area, or Safety Zone ..................33
Gang Abatement at a Specific Location ............38
Step 5: Collect Evidence ........................................38
Not Enough Evidence: Consider an Eviction ....50
Chapter 3 Steps 6 to 10 of the Injunction Process ...................51
Step 6: Prepare the Order, Decide Which
Type to Obtain ........................................................51
Name the Gang, Name the Individuals,
Name Both? .......................................................53
Requirements for Issuance of Preliminary
Injunction ..........................................................57
v
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vi Contents
Procedure for Obtaining Preliminary
Injunction: Order to Show Cause (OSC) ...........57
Step 7: Obtain the Order, What Activity
Will You Restrict? .................................................58
The Narrowly Tailored Limitation on the
Scope of an Injunction .......................................61
Step 8: Notify the Defendants ...............................62
The Yolo County Broderick Boys Case ............65
Step 9: Final Disposition or Trial ..........................65
Proposed Preliminary Injunction ......................66
Ex Parte Application for Order
to Show Cause ................................................66
Proposed Order to Show Cause ........................67
Memorandum of Points and Authorities
in Support of Ex Parte Application and
Preliminary Injunction ......................................67
Obtaining Judgment Granting Permanent
Injunction ..........................................................67
Step 10: Enforce and Maintain the Order,
Educate the Police and Community ......................70
Chapter 4 Literature and Policy .............................................73
Category 1: Police Response .................................74
Police Response Time .......................................77
Category 2: Other Enforcement That Impacted
Results ...................................................................79
Category 3: Type of Gang .....................................83
Percentage of the Overall Gang Targeted
with Injunction ..................................................84
Targeting Gang Leaders ....................................85
Territoriality of the Gang ..................................86
Category 4: Type of Activity .................................87
Is the Crime Collective or Individual? ..............88
Category 5: Target Area Characteristics ...............89
Percentage of Turf Enjoined
and Displacement ...........................................91
Economic Status of the Target Area .................93
Zoning in Target Area .......................................95
Category 6: Type of Community ...........................96
Police-Initiated Injunctions ...............................97
Category 7: Type of Order .....................................98
Category 8: Maintenance of the Order ................100
More Jail Time ................................................100
Updated Orders May Be More Effective .........101
Gang Injunctions and Gang Dynamics ...........102
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Contents vii
Chapter 5 Gang Injunction and Gang Abatement Theory ....103
Deterrence Theory: Increasing Risk
and Punishment ....................................................105
Old Town National City Example:
Testing the Resolve of Police ...........................111
Injunction Violations Help Prove Gang
Membership .....................................................112
Additional Common Provisions .......................113
Association Theory: Group Processes and
Negative Peer Influence ........................................116
Frequency, Duration, and Intensity ..................118
Intimidating Witnesses ....................................121
Environmental Theories: Target Area
Environmental Factors ........................................122
Vandalism and Graffiti ....................................123
Broken Windows Theory ................................125
Economic Theory: Strain Theorists ....................127
Economic Opportunity by Selling Drugs .......129
Reducing Property Crimes Like Burglary
and Auto Theft .................................................132
Strain Theory’s Solution to the Problem ..........132
Psychological Gang Dynamics Theory: Gang
Crime Motivators .................................................133
Displacement or Diffusion ...................................133
Common Gang Crime Motivators Addressed
by Injunctions ......................................................136
Limit Gang Identification
(Hand Signs and Gang Clothing) ....................136
Turf Violations (Keep Rivals Apart
to Reduce Confrontations) ...............................139
Elevate Standing or Seeking Prestige ..............139
Personal Conflicts (Less Time Together,
Less Internal Issues?) .......................................140
Self-Control (Help Them Control
Themselves) .................................................141
Gangs and Schools (Protect Our Youth and
Those at Risk) ..................................................142
Reduce Gang Recruiting ..................................143
How a Gang’s Structure Impacts a Gang
Injunction (Territorial vs. Mobile) ...................144
Chapter 6 Legal Criticism of Gang Injunctions and Gang
Abatement ............................................................149
Not Effective Debate ............................................149
Illegal Debate .......................................................151
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viii Contents
Gang Injunctions and Legal Accusations
of Racism ..............................................................155
Cost Debate ..........................................................158
Community Support Debate .................................159
Media Campaign of Misinformation ....................162
Give Them a Way Out of the Gang
and Off the Injunction: Opting Out ......................163
Getting Off an Injunction: What
Is Required? ..................................................165
San Francisco Policy ........................................168
So What Is the Review Process? ......................169
Confidentiality .............................................170
Representation by Counsel ..........................170
How to Submit Your Petition .......................171
Identifying Information ...............................171
Chapter 7 Research Methodology .........................................173
Quantitative Study ................................................174
Retrospective, Quasi-Experimental Study ............174
Initial Goal/Quantitative Analysis ........................175
Epidemiological Study .........................................175
Comparing Two Populations: Injunction
and Control ...........................................................176
Testing Dependent Variables: Part 1, Part 2,
and Total Calls......................................................177
Control for Validity ..............................................177
Sampling Frame and Procedure ...........................178
Sample ..................................................................178
Treatment ..............................................................179
Instrumentation ....................................................179
Data Analysis/Statistical Procedures ....................179
Nature of the Scales..............................................182
Compare Same Points in Time .............................182
Measuring Crime..................................................183
Measuring Cost ....................................................184
Measuring Convictions .........................................186
Measuring Arrests ................................................187
Measuring Community Perceptions .....................188
National Crime Victimization Surveys ............188
Localized Community Surveys ........................189
Stakeholder Surveys .........................................189
Self-Report Crime Surveys .............................190
The Gang Member’s Perspective ..........................191
Measuring Crime by Mapping .............................191
Measuring UCRs and Calls .................................192
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Contents ix
National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS) ..............................................................194
Two Studies Conducted Using UCRs Data
Prior to This the Third ........................................194
Jeff Grogger Study ..........................................194
Los Angeles Grand Jury Study ........................195
Chapter 8 Results of 25 Injunction Studies ..........................197
Section 1: Injunction and Control Pairings ..........197
Descriptive: Injunction versus Control .............198
Correlation between Injunction and
Matched Controls ............................................199
Summary of Section 1: Injunction and
Control Pairings ..............................................201
Section 2: Effect of Injunctions on Calls for
Service .................................................................202
Baseline Values, Injunction and Control .........202
Baseline Part 2 Calls .......................................202
Baseline Total Calls for Service ......................202
Summary of Baseline Calls ............................202
Percent Change for Part 1 Crime ....................203
Part 2 Calls for Service ...................................204
Total Calls for Service ....................................205
Summary: Effect of Injunctions on Calls
for Service .......................................................205
Section 3: Further or Exploratory Analysis .........207
Variance by Gang Ethnicity ............................207
Summary of Injunctions of Hispanic Gangs ....210
Summary of Ethnicity ......................................215
Variance by Gang Injunction Size (More or
Less than 50 Members) ....................................216
Summary of Gang Injunctions: More versus
Less than 50 Targeted Member Results ..........223
Variance by County ........................................223
Summary of County Analysis .........................232
Variance by Gang Injunction Area (Square
Miles) ..............................................................233
Summary of Square Mileage Analysis ............241
Variance by Overall Gang Size ........................241
Summary of Overall Gang Size Analysis .......248
Summary of Further Analysis.........................248
Limitations with the Injunctions .....................249
Section 4: Case-by-Case Analysis .......................249
Case/Pair 1: Posole and Vista Homeboys:
Part 1 Crime ....................................................249
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