Fundamental Aspects of Structural Alloy Design

665 Pages·1977·18.32 MB·English

by  P. Haasen (auth.)

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF
STRUCTURAL ALLOY DESIGN
BATTELLE INSTITUTE
MATERIALS SCIENCE COLLOQUIA
Published by Plenum Press
1972: Interatomic Potentials and Simulation of Lattice Defects
Edited by Pierre C. Gehlen, Joe R. Beeler, Jr., and Robert I. Jaffee
1973: Deformation and Fracture of High Polymers
Edited by H. Henning Kausch, John A. Hassell, and Robert I. Jaffee
1974: Defects and Transport in Oxides
Edited by Martin S. Seltzer and Robert I. Jaffee
1975: The Physical Basis for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Edited by Edmund Drauglis and Robert I. Jaffee
1977: Fundamental Aspects of Structural Alloy Design
Edited by Robert I. Jaffee and Benjamin A. Wilcox
FUNDAMENTAL
ASPECTS OF
STRUCTURAL
ALLOY DESIGN
Edited by
ROBERT I. JAFFEE
Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems Division
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California
BENJAMIN A. WILCOX
Materials Science Department
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio
BATTELLE INSTITUTE
MATERIALS SCIENCE COLLOQUIA
Seattle, Washington-Harrison
Hot Springs, British Columbia
September 15-19, 1975
R.l. Jaffee, Chairman
PLENUM PRESS • New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Battelle Institute Materials Science Colloquia, 10th, Seattle and Harrison Hot
Springs, B.C., 1975.
Fundamental aspects of structural alloy design.
Includes indexes.
1. Alloys-Congresses. I. Jaffee, Robert Isaac, 1917- II. Wilcox, Benjamin
A. III. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. IV. Title.
TN689.2.B37 1975 669'.9 77-22519
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2423-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2421-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2421-8
©1977 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To PROFESSOR JOHN R. LOW, JR.
for his contributions to the art and science of
alloy behavior, especially that of steels.
PARTICIPANTS
c.,
T. H. ALDEN University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. Canada
G. S. ANSELL Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.
M. F. ASHBY Cambridge University, Cambridge, England
J. M. BATCH Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
R. T. BEGLEY Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania, U.S.A.
A. L. BEMENT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
S. H. BUSH Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland,
Washington, U.S.A.
J. D. CAMPBELL University of Oxford, Oxford, England
A. H. CLAUER Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
L. A. DAVIS Allied Chemical Corporation, Morristown, New Jersey,
U.S.A.
R. F. DECKER International Nickel Company, New York, New York,
U.S.A.
J. D. EMBURY McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
B.R.T. FROST Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, U.S.A.
H. J. FROST Cambridge University, Cambridge, England
P. HAASEN Universitlit Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
G. T. HAHN Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
J. P. HIRTH The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
E. HORNBOGEN Ruhr-Universitlit Bochum, Bochum, Germany
vii
viii PARTICIPANTS
R. I. JAFFEE Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California,
U.S.A.
B. H. KEAR Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Middletown, Connecticut, U.S.A.
I. S. LEVY Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland,
Washington, U.S.A.
J. R. LOW, JR. Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A.
F. A. McCLINTOCK Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
C. J. McMAHON, JR. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn
sylvania, U.S.A.
W. S. OWEN Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
H. W. PAXTON U.S. Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
F. S. PETTIT Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Middletown, Connecticut, U.S.A.
T. F. SANDERS Aluminum Company of America, Alcoa Center, Penn-
sylvania, U.S.A.
O. D. SHERBY Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
P. G. SHEWMON The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
R. F. SIMENZ Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Burbank, California,
U.S.A.
C. T. SIMS General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York, U.S.A.
J. E. SLATER Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
J. STRINGER University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
N. P. SUH Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
G. THOMAS University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
J. K. TIEN Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
F. L. VERSNYDER Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Connecticut,
U.S.A.
B. A. WILCOX Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
I. G. WRIGHT Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
V. F. ZACKA Y University of California, Berkeley, California, U. S.A.
PREFACE
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL ALLOY DESIGN
is the proceedings of the tenth Battelle Colloquium in the Materials
Sciences, held in Seattle, Washington, and Harrison Hot Springs, B.C.,
September 15-19, 1975. The theme of the conference was the emerging
science of alloy design. Although the relationships of properties of alloys to
their composition and structure have long been a dominant theme in
physical metallurgy, it is only recently that metallurgists have turned their
attention from the analytical, post hoc study of the structure-property
relationship to the synthesis approach of alloy design.
As usual in the Battelle colloquia, the first day started with a group of
introductory lectures presented by leaders in the field, each emphasizing his
personal approach to the problem. This provided a historical perspective for
the colloquium. These papers, together with the banquet address of
Professor J. R. Low, Jr., who was honored at the colloquium, comprise the
introductory section of these proceedings.
Alloy design is generally specific to a given application. Thus, the needs
in alloy design in a number of important applications, gas turbines,
electrical-power-generation equipment, airframes, pressure vessels, and
nuclear applications were presented in a group of papers. An agenda discus
sion on "Needs in Alloy Design" followed. These papers give the external
constraints on alloy design applications, and criteria for mechanical,
physical, and chemical properties for which the alloys must be designed.
ix
x PREFACE
The individual elements of alloy design then were discussed. These in
cluded the properties of solid solutions, transformations, precipitates and
dispersions, grain boundaries, interfaces, and textures. Metallurgists
generally deal with crystalline materials. A new element available to them is
absence of crystallinity in amorphous metal glasses, covered by a separate
paper. An agenda discussion covered the roles and limitations of these
elements in the processes of alloy design.
The extent to which metallurgists are able to design alloys from scien
tific principles was addressed through a set of examples, including cases
where the limiting design property is mechanical and where the limitation is
based on chemical properties. Processing, of course, is an integral part of
alloy design. Achievable properties often are limited by the ability of the
metallurgist to achieve a desired microstructure. Many of the papers in the
colloquium covered advances in processing as a means of achieving sought
for microstructures.
As is the usual custom at Battelle colloquia, one of the distinguished
participants was honored at the farewell banquet and by inscribing the
proceeding-s in his name. At Harrison, we honored Professor John R. Low,
Jr., of Carnegie-Mellon University for his work on the mechanical behavior
of steels. Professor Low's biographical remarks about his career in
metallurgy are included in the front matter of these proceedings.
It is our sad duty to report that the Battelle Colloquia in the Materials
Sciences concluded with this, the tenth colloquium. We wish to express
sincere thanks to the management of Battelle Memorial Institute who sup
ported the colloquia throughout these lO years-in particular, Dr. B. D.
Thomas, retired President of Battelle Memorial Institute, who personally
encouraged the initiation of the colloquia series, and Dr. S. L. Fawcett,
current President, for his continued support. Dr. F. J. Milford, the original
Director of Research in the Physical Sciences of Battelle Institute, and his
successor, Dr. C. W. Kern, provided the institutional aegis under which the
colloquia were held. We are grateful to Dr. John Batch, Director of the
Columbus Laboratories, Dr. E. L. Alpen, then Director of the Pacific
Northwest Laboratories, and their staffs for support in the conduct of the
colloquium. Julie Swor was in charge of arrangements in Seattle and
Harrison Hot Springs; secretarial support was ably and charmingly provid
ed by Darlene Weaver and Jodie Marshall. Forrest Nelson did an excellent
job of audio-visual support, and generally was very helpful in the smooth
functioning of the colloquium. Edna Jaffee was in charge of the Ladies
Program. To all of these, we extend our grateful thanks.
The Organizing Committee is indebted to many people for their advice
on the choice of subjects and participants for the colloquium and, par
ticularly, would like to thank G. S. Ansell, A. L. Bement, M. Cohen, P. C.
Gehlen, J. J. Gilman, B. H. Kear, F. A. McClintock, E. R. Parker, H. W.