Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation: From Microscale to Macroscale

502 Pages·2022·14.905 MB·English

by  Gholam Reza Molaeimanesh, Farschad Torabi

FUEL CELL
MODELING AND
SIMULATION
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FUEL CELL MODELING
AND SIMULATION
From Microscale to Macroscale
GHOLAMREZAMOLAEIMANESH
IranUniversityofScienceandTechnology(IUST)
Tehran,Iran
FARSCHADTORABI
K.N.ToosiUniversityofTechnology(KNTU)
Tehran,Iran
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Contents
Preface ix
References x
1. Fuelcellfundamentals 1
1.1. Introduction 2
1.2. Thermodynamics 22
1.3. Electrochemicalreactionkinetics 34
1.4. Chargetransfer 45
1.5. Masstransport 50
1.6. Characteristiccurveofafuelcell 54
1.7. Summary 55
1.8. Problems 56
References 56
2. PEMFCs 57
2.1. Introduction 57
2.2. MicroscalemodelingandsimulationofPEMFCs 138
2.3. MacroscalemodelingandsimulationofPEMFCs 190
2.4. Summary 227
2.5. Questionsandproblems 228
References 230
3. Solidoxidefuelcells 237
3.1. Introduction 237
3.2. MicroscalemodelingandsimulationofSOFCs 247
3.3. MacroscalemodelingandsimulationofSOFCs 253
3.4. Modelingofasolidoxideelectrolyzercell(SOEC) 264
3.5. Summary 265
3.6. Problems 265
References 266
4. Hydrogenstoragesystems 269
4.1. Introduction 269
4.2. High-pressuretanks 270
4.3. Hydrogen-absorbingtank 272
4.4. Summary 280
v
vi Contents
4.5. Questionsandproblems 280
References 281
5. Fuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs) 283
5.1. Introduction 283
5.2. Vehicledynamics 284
5.3. FCEVconfigurationandcomponents 289
5.4. ModelingandcontrolofFCEVs 294
5.5. Summary 299
5.6. Problemsandquestions 300
References 301
6. Fuelcellpowerplants 303
6.1. Applications 303
6.2. SOFCpowerplantcomponents 310
6.3. Fuel 324
6.4. Summary 335
6.5. Problems 335
References 335
7. Combinedheatandpowersystems 337
7.1. CHPandfuelcells 337
7.2. GeneralprocedureforCHPdesigns 349
7.3. SOFC-basedCHPsystem 350
7.4. PEMFC-basedCHPsystem 355
7.5. Summary 383
7.6. Problems 383
References 384
A. Lattice-Boltzmanncodes 387
A.1. GeometryGenerator 387
A.2. Isothermalsingle-phaseairflowinaPEMFCchannelwithfiberobstacle 391
A.3. Modelingoffluiddisplacementinporousmedia 401
A.4. PEMFCcathodecatalystlayer(CL)modelingusingLBM 412
B. MATLAB®codeforthesimulationofPEMFC 443
C. Optimizationmethods 449
C.1. Conceptsofoptimization 449
C.2. Optimizationmethods 452
Contents vii
C.3. ImplementingoptimizationmethodsinC++ 455
C.4. Summary 472
References 472
D. UDFsforMHtanksimulationinANSYSFluent 473
E. Matlab®codeforcalculatingenergyconsumptionofanFCEV 475
Index 479
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Preface
Globalwarmingandthedepletionoffossilfuelresourcescompelextensiveresearchand
development of renewable energies. In the near future, various applications of renew-
able energies will be observed all over the world, forecasted by climate experts. In this
renewable world, green or renewable hydrogen energy (i.e., hydrogen from renewable
electricityofsolarplantsetc.),accompaniedbyfuelcellsystems,willhaveacrucialrole.
Evidently,inalleightscenariosproposedbytheEuropeanCommissionforthenetzero
emissions of the world economy in 2050, hydrogen energy exists [1]. To better reveal
this critical role, we suggest reading the report of Bloomberg New Energy Finance in
March2020[2].Itstatesthatthecleanhydrogencanaddressthemostchallengingthird
of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This clean energy can play several roles;
e.g., it can be used to store the generated heat in a solar power plant by employing an
electrolyzer and producing hydrogen fuel; the produced hydrogen can be used in a fuel
cell system to deliver electricity to the grid for peak power shaving.
Hydrogenenergyandfuelcellengineeringisanactivefieldinboththeacademicand
industrial sectors. Most universities in the world teach courses such as fuel cell systems
in different departments, including chemical engineering, energy systems engineering,
mechanical engineering, etc. The present book deals with all aspects of fuel cell mod-
eling and simulation, from microscale to macroscale, and can be a precious source for
such courses. For the numerical simulation of fuel cells, the book is of special interest.
More specifically, for higher education students, the topic is of more interest. In the
industrial sector, many companies in the world are working on the installation of fuel
cell systems. These companies use different software like GT-SUITE, AVL, ANSYS,
COMSOLMultiphysics,etc.,forfuelcellsimulations,whichalluseanumericalmodel
or several numerical models.
A key feature of this book is the classified insight provided for the reader. This can
effectivelyhelp the reader to decide which numerical model or simulation technique is
appropriateforhim/heraccordingtotherequiredaccuracyandavailablecomputational
capacity. This book includes seven chapters and five appendixes. Chapter 1 talks about
fuel cell fundamentals concisely as a prestep for fuel cell modeling. However, those
familiar with fuel cell fundamentals can directly study the other applied six chapters.
These six chapters are about the modeling and simulation of several independent ap-
plied topics, from PEMFCs, SOFCs, and hydrogen storage, to FCEVs, fuel cell power
plants, and fuel cell-based CHPs. Chapter 2, the largest and most important, discusses
PEMFCs. After a brief introduction about PEMFCs and the transport phenomena in
different parts of them, the microscale simulation techniques such as LBM, PNM, and
VOF are presented. After that, single- and multiphase macroscale CFD models and 1D
ix