Table Of ContentFrost Resistance of Concrete
Frost Resistance of Concrete
Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on
Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing
With or Without De-icing Chemicals
University of Essen, September 22-23, 1997
EDITED BY
Max Josef Setzer
IBPM Institute of Building Physics
and Materials Science
University of Essen
Essen (Ruhr)
Germany
Rainer Auberg
IBPM Institute of Building Physics
and Materials Science
University of Essen
Essen (Ruhr)
Germany
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN
First edition 1997
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
© 1997 RILEM
ISBN 0419 229000
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accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Publisher's Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided
by the individual contributors in order to make the book available for the workshop.
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Part I Material Parameters and Concrete Design
The influence of material parameters on freeze-thaw 3
resistance with and without deicing salt
D. J. Jans sen
Effects of fly ash on microstructure and deicer salt 11
scaling resistance of concrete
J. Marchand, Y. Maltais, Y. Machabee, C. Talbot andM. Pigeon
Laboratory and field studies of salt scaling in fly ash concrete 21
M.D.A. Thomas
Influence of the type of cement on the freeze-thaw 31
resistance of the mortar phase of concrete
C. Girodet, M. Chabannet, J.L. Base andJ. Per a
Frost resisting and waterproof fine-grained slag 41
ash concrete for roofs of residential structures
S.I. Pavlenko, A.A. Permyakov and V.K. Aphanasiev
Water resistant low water consumption plaster binder 48
K.K. Abdrakhmanova
Influence of sand on the freeze-thaw resistance 53
of the mortar phase of concrete
C. Girodet, J.L. Base, M. Chabannet and J. Per a
Investigations on freeze-thaw resistance of recycling concrete 61
H.K. Hilsdorf, R. Kottas and H.S. Mtiller
Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with recycled aggregates 73
R. Dillmann
vi Contents
Part II Chemical Parameters
Frost resistance with and without deicing salt — 83
a purely physical problem?
J. Stark
Influence of CsA content on frost and scaling resistance 100
J. Stark, A. Eckart and H. -M. Ludwig
Influence of cement type on resistance against freezing and 111
thawing, with or without deicing chemicals, of cement mortar
U. Baiters and U. Ludwig
Freeze-deicing salt resistance of concretes 123
containing cement rich in slag
J. Stark and H.-M. Ludwig
Frost and frost-deicing salt resistance of 139
supersulphated cement concrete
U. KnaackandJ. Stark
Sorption of chlorides on hydrated cements and CsS pastes 146
O. Wowra and M.J. Setzer
Part III Physical Parameters and Testing
Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance: 157
surface and internal deterioration
M.J. Setzer
Effect of finishing, forming and curing on de-icer 174
salt scaling resistance of concretes
R.D. Hooton and A. Boyd
Influence of preconditioning on scaling resistance 184
for different types of test surfaces
P. Utgenannt and P. -E. Petersson
An experimental study on frost resistance of 195
concrete considering drying effects
Y. Hama, E. Kamada andC.G. Han
Contents vii
A mechanism of frost damage of concrete under supercooling 202
O. Katsura and E. Kamada
Length changes of concrete specimen during 212
frost deicing salt resistance test
J. Kaufinann and W, Studer
Moisture absorption from salt solutions in cement 222
mortar discs during freezing
S. Lindmark
Influence of water uptake during freezing and thawing 232
R. Auberg and M.J. Setzer
Scaling and internal cracking in wet freeze/thaw testing 246
S. Jacobsen
The infrared thermal image characteristic and injured 255
degree evaluation of freeze-thaw injured concrete
X. Zhang and J.H. Han
Testing of freeze-thaw resistance portland cement 261
compositions by low temperature dilatometry
M.A. Sanitsky, V.M. Melnyk, M.Z. Loza and I. V. Shichnenko
The reasons of damping maximums of hardened 269
cement paste (hep) at extremely low temperature
X.XuandM.J. Setzer
Subzero temperature investigation of autoclaved 281
concrete with gypsum added
J. Adolphs, M.J. Setzer and S. Shibata
Damping measurements for nondestructive 288
evaluation of concrete beams
E.A. Yokes, S.L. Clarke and D.J. Janssen
Standard methods for freeze-thaw tests: 298
a European research programme
E. Siebel and H. Graf
viii Contents
Frost failure and rapid test method of concrete frost resistance 299
A.I. Panchenko
Concrete frost resistance test methods 307
N.K. Rozentahl
Temperature shock test for the determination 314
of the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete
M. Maultzsch and K. Gunther
Internal frost attack — state of the art 321
G. Fagerlund
Appendix: RILEM recommendation 339
Author Index 353
Keyword Index 355
PREFACE
In 1990 RILEM TC 117 FDC ,,Freeze Thaw and Deicing Salt Resistance" had its
inaugural session here in Essen. Since then we have had meetings in Great Brit-
ain/Brighton, Sweden/Lund, France/Lyon, Switzerland/Dubendorf, Canada/Quebec,
Norway/Trondheim, Japan/Sapporo and Finland/Espoo.
The committee consists of: Chairman: Max J. Setzer, Germany; Secretary:
Rainer Auberg, Germany; Members: Dirch Eager, Denmark; Gjo'ran Fagerlund,
Sweden; Volker Hartmann, Germany; Stefan Jacobsen, Norway; Don Janssen, USA;
Heikki Kukko, Finland; Jaques Marchand, Canada; Takashi Miura, Japan; Per-Eric
Petersson, Sweden; Michel Pigeon, Canada; Terje F. Ronning, Norway; Eric
Sellevold, Norway; Eberhard Siebel, Germany; Jochen Stark, Germany; Werner
Studer, Switzerland; Corresponding Members: Christian Clergue, France; J.R.
Clifton, USA; Corinne Dubois, France; Geoffrey Frohnsdorf, USA; Y. Guerpillon,
France; J. Prost, France; A. Reymond, France; Kenneth A. Snyder, USA; Rupert
Springenschrnid, Germany.
During the tenure of this committee remarkable research efforts have been given
and round robin testing has been done by the committee members covering all aspects
of basic research in frost action, application and test procedures. It has been a great
honour for me to chair this committee. I want to thank all the members for their con-
structive co-operation, excellent discussions and personal support. The work has been
a fruitful exchange of ideas, experience and experimental results.
The workshop here in Essen should be a culminating effort which has its basis in
the work of this RILEM TC 117 FDC. The resonance of consensus researchers indi-
cates that the topic of this work is still of high interest both for people in practice con-
fronted with durability problems and for researchers in the basic and applied field.
The proceedings of this workshop should be a basis and starting point for the future
research work in freeze thaw and deicing salt resistance. There are still unsolved
problems in the basic understanding of the dynamic process of freezing and thawing
and deicing salt attack, in the chemical and physical processes involved and in meas-
uring the internal damage due to these attacks. Therefore, RILEM General Council
decided to start a new technical committee: RILEM TC IDC ,,Internal Damage of
Concrete due to Frost Action".
I am honored to be the host of this international workshop. I thank all the authors
for their contributions. Many thanks to the sponsors of the workshop: the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung des Lan-
des Nordrhein-Westfalen, the Readymix AG, the E. Schwenk Zementwerke KG, the
Bundesverband Deutsche Beton- und Fertigteilindustrie e.V., the Katzenberger
GmbH & Co. KG, the Dyckerhoff Zement-GmbH and the University GH Essen. And
I thank my secretaries of RILEM TC 117 FDC, Dr. Hartmann (until 1992) and Mr.
Auberg (since 1992) for their work and for their dedication.
I hope that both the workshop and this book are a source of insight for the partici-
pants and the readers of these proceedings.
Max J. Setzer, June 9, 1997
