Table Of ContentFrontiers of Cosmology
NATO Science Series
A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science
Programme.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer in conjunctionwith the NATO
Scientific Affairs Division
Sub-Series
I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press
II. Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry Springer
III.Computer and Systems Science IOS Press
IV.Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer
V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press
The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.
The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of
countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.The types of scientific meeting generally supported
are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, although other types of
meeting are supported from time to time.The NATO Science Series collects together the results of
these meetings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from
NATO’s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.
Advanced Study Institutesare high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances
in a field.
Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and
identification of directions for future action.
As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science
Series has been re-organised and there are currently Five Sub-series as noted above.Please consult
the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of
earlier Sub-series.
http://www.nato.int/science
httpp://www.sppringggeronline.com
http://www.iospress.nl
http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm
Series II:Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry – Vol.187
Frontiers of Cosmology
edited by
Alain Blanchard
Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées,
TTToulouse, France
and
Monique Signore
Observatoire de Paris,
Paris, France
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
The Frontiers of Cosmology
Carg se, France
8 20 September 2003
A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-101-4020-3056-8(PB)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3056-7 (PB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-101-4020-3055-X (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-101-4020-3057-6 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-13978-1-4020-3055-0(HB)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3057-4 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Published by Springer,
PPP.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2005 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
1
BasicsofCosmology 1
MoniqueSignoreandAlainBlanchard
1. GeometryandDynamics 2
2. Importantquantitiesneededforobservations 5
3. SomesolutionsofEFLequations:somecosmologicalmodels 8
4. ThestandardBigBangNucleosynthesis(SBBN) 12
5. Observationsof“primordialabundances”. 16
6. Confrontation of the observed “pprimordial abundances” to the ppre-
dictionsofthesBBN. 18
7. Conclusions 20
References 21
2
TheX-rayViewofGalaxyClusters 23
WilliamForman
1. ObservingClustersinX-rays–theChandraObservatory 27
2. RegularClustersXDCoolingFlows 33
3. PhysicsofClusterCores 36
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
3
Clusters: anopticalpointofview 43
ChristopheAdami
1. Clusterdetectionsintheoptical 44
2. Studiesofclusters 47
3. Acknowledgements 54
References 54
4
CosmologywithClustersofGalaxies 57
AlainBlanchard
1. Introduction 57
vi FRONTIERSOFCOSMOLOGY
2. Whatisacluster? 58
3. Thesphericalmodel 59
4. Themassfunction 59
5. Connectiontotheobservations 60
6. PropertiesofClustersandscalingrelations 63
7. Clustersabundanceevolution. 65
8. Thebaryonfraction 68
9. Conclusion 72
References 72
5
AstrophysicaldetectionofDarkMatter 75
S.Colafrancesco
1. SignalsfromtheDarkuniverse 75
2. Inferenceprobes 76
3. Physicalprobes 77
4. Conclusion 83
References 83
6
Non-thermalandrelativisticprocessesingalaxyclusters 85
S.Colafrancesco
1. Non-thermalandrelativisticphenomenaingalaxyclusters 86
2. Theoriginofcosmicraysingalaxyclusters 90
3. Theastrophysicsofcosmicraysingalaxyclusters 94
4. Conclusions 98
References 98
7
AnintroductoryoverviewaboutCosmologicalInflation 101
AlainRiazuelo
1. Introduction 101
2. ThehotBig-Bangscenarioanditsproblems 103
3. Inflationandinflationarydynamics 109
4. Basicsofcosmologicalperturbations 117
5. Inflationaryperturbations 128
6. Basicsofquantumfieldtheory 132
7. Perturbationspectrum 134
8. Conclusion 137
References 137
8
Anintroductiontoquintessence 139
AlainRiazuelo
1. Thetwocosmologicalconstantproblems 139
2. Ascalarfieldasdarkenergy 141
3. StabilityofthewQ = Constregime 142
4. Modelbuilding 143
5. Darkenergyandstructureformation 145
6. Observationalstatus 145
Contents vii
References 147
9
CMBObservationalTechniquesandRecentResults 149
EdwardL.Wright
1. Introduction 150
2. ObservationalTechniques 154
3. RecentObservations 167
4. Summary 170
Acknowledgments 171
References 171
10
FluctuationsintheCMB 175
AndrewH.Jaffe
1. Introduction 175
2. CosmologicalPreliminaries 176
3. TheLastScatteringSurface 178
4. PerturbationsonLargeandSmallScales 180
5. OscillationsinthePrimordialPlasma 183
6. ThePowerSpectrumofCMBFluctuations 187
7. TheCMBandCosmologicalParameters 188
8. Conclusions 191
Acknowledgments 192
References 193
11
Supernovaeasastrophysicalobjects 195
BrunoLeibundgut
1. SomeHistory 195
2. Supernovaclassification 196
3. InputEnergy 199
4. Core-collapsesupernovae 200
5. TypeIasupernovae 202
6. Conclusions 202
References 203
12
CosmologywithSupernovae 207
BrunoLeibundgut
1. Introduction 207
2. TheHubbleconstant 208
3. Theexpansionhistoryoftheuniverse 210
4. UniversalaccelerationaccordingtoTypeIasupernovae 211
5. Characterisingdarkenergy 214
6. Conclusions 215
References 216
viii FRONTIERSOFCOSMOLOGY
13
Gravitationallensing: fromµ-lensingtocosmicshearexperiments 219
FrancisBernardeau
1. Introduction 219
2. Physicalmechanisms 220
3. GravitationallensesinCosmology 224
4. CosmicShear: weaklensingasaprobeofthelarge-scalestructure 230
5. Conclusions and perspectives: cosmic shear in aprecision cosmol-
ogyera 239
References 239
14
DarkMatter: EarlyConsiderations 241
JaanEinasto
1. Introduction 241
2. LocalDarkMatter 242
3. ClustersandGroupsofGalaxies 243
4. MassesofGalaxies 245
5. TheNatureofDarkMatter 252
6. Summary 256
Acknowledgments 258
References 258
15
DarkMatterandGalaxyFormation 263
JosephSilk
1. Challengesofdarkmatter 263
2. Globalbaryoninventory 264
3. ConfirmationviadetailedcensusofMWG/M31 265
4. Hierarchicalgalaxyformation 266
5. Unresolvedissuesingalaxyformationtheory 268
6. ResurrectingCDM 269
7. Anastrophysicalsolution: earlywinds 271
8. ObservingCDMviatheWIMPLSP 273
9. Thefuture 274
References 277
16
Non-BaryonicDarkMatter 279
PaoloGondolo
1. Theneedfornon-baryonicdarkmatter 279
2. Popularcandidatesfornon-baryonicdarkmatter 281
3. Neutralinodarkmattersearches 299
4. Conclusions 326
References 327
Preface
The field of cosmology is currently undergoing a revolution driven by dra-
maticobservationalprogressandbynoveltheoreticalscenariosimportedfrom
particle physics. In particular, two most remarkable results were recently ob-
tained from measurements of the angular spectrum of the fluctuations in the
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation providing convincing evi-
dence that the Universe is nearly flat and from the Hubble diagram of distant
supernovae indicating an accelerating expansion rate, which implies the exis-
tenceofsomedarkenergyasthedominantcomponentoftheUniverse. Indeed,
thenextdecadewillbenefitfromhighqualitydataoncosmologyfromdiffer-
entmajorexperimentsandobservatories,withaparticularimportantcontribu-
tion from space missions such as WMAP, Planck Surveyor, XMM and SNAP
among others. On one side, cosmologists believe they understand the origin
of the main ingredients which allow a coherent description of the Universe
fromitsveryearlyphase,namelyinflation,totheactualepochwhichaccounts
for the origin of the primordial fluctuations, allowing predictions of their im-
prints in the cosmic microwave sky and leading to the large scale structure
of the Universe as observed. On the other side, the existence of a non-zero
vacuumdensityiscertainlyoneofthemostastonishingresultsofmodernfun-
damental physics. Understanding its nature and its origin will be one of the
major directions of research in the following years. In view of the intensive
current activity in the field, a School fully dedicated to these both sides in
cosmology was timely. This 11-days NATO Advanced Study Institute took
place in the lovely setting of the Institut d’Études Scientifiques de Cargèse
(Corse,France)andwasattendedbyabout80participantsfromseveralcoun-
tries. These proceedings contain the papers that were presented during the
Schoolandwhichcoveredthefollowingfields: quintessence/darkenergy;in-
flation; CMB: anisotropies and polarization; large scale structure; clusters of
galaxies;gravitationallensing;galaxyformation;darkmatter;supernovaeand
theacceleratingexpansionoftheUniverse.
ALAINBLANCHARD&MONIQUESIGNORE
