Table Of ContentFrontiers in
Biomedical Engineering
TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL BOOK SERIES
Series Editor: Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey
Signals and Systems in Biomedical Engineering:
Signal Processing and Physiological Systems Modeling
Suresh R. Devasahayam
Models ofthe Visual System
Edited by George K. Hung and Kenneth J. Ciuffreda
PDE and Level Sets: Algorithmic Approaches to Static and Motion Imagery
Edited by JasjitS. Sufi and Swamy Laxminarayan
Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering:
Proceedings ofthe World Congress for Chinese Biomedical Engineers
Edited by Ned H.C. Hwang and SavioL-Y. Woo
AContinuationOrderPlanisavailableforthisseries.Acontinuationorderwillbringdeliveryofeachnewvolume
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the publisher.
Frontiers in
Biomedical Engineering
Proceedings of the World Congress
for Chinese Biomedical Engineers
Edited by
Ned H. C. Hwang
Division ofMedical Engineering Research
National Health Research Institutes
Taipei. Taiwan
and
Savio L-Y. Woo
Musculoskeletal Research Center
University ofPittsburgh
Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Frontiers in biomedicalengineering/editedby Ned RC. HwangandSavioL.Y. Woo.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographicalreferences and index.
ISBN0-306-47716-5
1. Biomedicalengineering-Congresses. I. Hwang, Ned H.C. II. Woo, SavioL-Y.
R856.A2F76 2003
610'.28-dc22
2003061172
This volume includesaCD-ROM-attachedtothebackcover-on whichsomeofthe artwork from the volume
appears incolor.
ISBN0-306-47716-5
©2003 KluwerAcademic/PlenumPublishers, New York
233 SpringStreet, New York, New York 10013
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10987654321
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Contributors
KaiNanAn,Ph.D.,BiomechanicsLaboratory,DivisionofOrthopedicResearch,MayoClinic/
Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
SusanFugettAbu-Abs,Ph.D.,DepartmentsofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,
UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota
JamesF Antaki,Ph.D.,DepartmentsofBioengineeringandSurgery,UniversityofPittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
HarveySBorovetz,Ph.D.,DepartmentsofBioengineeringandSurgery,UniversityofPittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
EdmundY.S.Chao,Ph.D.,OrthopaedicBiomechanicsLaboratory,JohnsHopkinsUniversity
SchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,Maryland
ChiaHuaChang,M.S.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
JinChang,Ph.D.,SchoolofPolymerandMaterialsSciences,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin
YenChang,M.D.,DivisionofCardiovascularSurgery,TaichungVeteransGeneralHospital,
andCollegeofMedicine,NationalYangMingUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
Chin Th Chen,Ph.D., DepartmentofRadiology and MedicalPhysics,Pritzker School of
Medicine,UniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois
SungChingChen,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
WYChen,V.M.D.,DepartmentofEducationandResearch,TaichungVeteranGeneralHospital,
Taichung,Taiwan
ZhongPingChen,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,BeckmanLaserInstitute,
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,California
ChengKung Cheng, Ph.D., Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, National Yang Ming
University,Taipei,Taiwan
ShuChien,M.D.Ph.D.,WhitakerInstituteofBiomedicalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia
SanDiego,LaJolla,California
ChimYongChin,M.S.,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,
Indiana
ArthurChiou,Ph.D.,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalDongHwaUniversity,
Shou-Feng,Hualien,Taiwan
MalcolmCooper,M.D.,DepartmentofRadiology and MedicalPhysics,PritzkerSchoolof
Medicine,UniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois
BertYuanChengFung,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBioengineering,UniversityofCalifornia-San
Diego,LaJolla,California
X.EdwardGuo,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,
NewYork
HuiGong,B.S.,KeyLaboratoryofBiomedicalPhotonicsofMinistryofEducation,Huazhong
UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan,Hubei
ScottD.Hanford,B.S.,MusculoskeletalResearchCenter,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
WarrenHardy,BioengineeringCenter,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan
Chih Ming Ho, Ph.D., Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of
California-LosAngeles,LosAngeles
Wei-Pin Ho, M.D.,DepartmentofOrthopedic Surgery,Wan-FengHospital,TaipeiMedical
College,Taipei,Taiwan
v
VI Contributors
Cheng-KuoHsu,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
Ching-HanHsu,Ph.D.,DepartmentofAtomicScience,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
WeiYenHsu,Ph.D.,DepartmentofComputerScienceandInformationEngineering,National
ChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan
Zekai Hsiau,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineering Research, National HealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
XiaopingHu,Ph.D.,WallaceH.CoulterDepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,GeorgiaTech!
EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia
Wei-ShouHu,Ph.D.,DepartmentsofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,University
ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Burnie H. K. Huang, D.Se., FRCR, Children's Hospital ofLos Angeles, Departmentof
Radiology,LosAngeles,California
Chun-HsiungHuang,M.D.,DepartmentofOrthopedicSurgery,MackayMemorialHospital,
Taipei,Taiwan
LynnL.H.Huang,Ph.D.,InstituteofBiotechnology,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,
Taiwan
SamHongYiHuang,M.S.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
NedH.C.Hwang,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
MarinaVKameneva,Ph.D.,McGowanInstituteforRegenerative Medicine,Universityof
Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
ChienMinKao,Ph.D.,DepartmentofRadiology,PritzkerSchoolofMedicine,Universityof
Chicago,Chicago,Illinois
AlbertI.King,Ph.D.,BioengineeringCenter,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan
TerryK.K. Koo,Ph.D.,OrthopaedicBiomechanics,Laboratory,JohnsHopkins University
SchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,Maryland
Robert L Kormos, M.D., Department ofSurgery, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
PoHongLai,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
PatrickJ.LaRiviere,Ph.D.,DepartmentofRadiology,PritzkerSchoolofMedicine,University
ofChicago,Chicago,Illinois
PaiChiLi,Ph.D.,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,
Taiwan
ShawyanLi,DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing
HsiangFaLiang,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
HuangChienLiang,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,
Hsinchu,Taiwan
JunFengLiang,Ph.D.,DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy,University
ofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan
Jiann Jong Liau, Ph.D., Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute ofBiomedical
Engineering,NationalYangMingUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
MorakotLikhitpanichkul,M.S.,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ColumbiaUniversity,
NewYork,NY
Contributors vii
Jamesc.Lin,Ph.D.,DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,andDepartmentof
Bioengineering,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,Illinois
KurtMing-ChaoLin,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
KennethLitwak,DVM,Ph.D.,McGowanInstituteforRegnerativeMedicine,Universityof
Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
HungLiu,Ph.D.,CenterforBioengineering,UniversityofOklahoma,Nonnan,Oklahoma
JiaShingLiu,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan.
JenShihLee,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,UniversityofVirginiaHealth
System,Charlottesville,Virginia
LianPinLee,Ph.D.,CardioResearchInc.,Chalrottesville,Virginia
MengHorngLee,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,
Taiwan
KamW. Leong,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore,Maryland
LeuWeiLo,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch, National HealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
ChihChengLu,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearch
Institutes,Taipei,Taiwan
HelenH.Lu,Ph.D., Biomaterials andInterfaceTissueEngineeringLaboratory, Columbia
University,NewYork,NewYork
P.C.Lu,Ph.D.,DivisionofMedicalEngineeringResearch,NationalHealthResearchInstitutes,
Taipei,Taiwan.
QingmingLuo,Ph.D.,Key LaboratoryofBiomedicalPhotonicsofMinistryofEducation,
HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan, Hubei
Arthur F. T. Mak, Ph.D., Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Hong Kong
PolytechnicUniversity,Hunghom,Kowloon,HongKong
HaiQuanMao,Ph.D.,DepartmentofMaterials Sciences and Engineering,Johns Hopkins
University,Baltimore,Maryland
ThomasF.McGovern,M.D.,PerryMedicalServices,Building,Suite303,3AlumniDrive,
Exeter,NewHampshire
DanielK.Moon,B.S.,MusculoskeletalResearchCenter,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
VanC.Mow,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY
SungyongMun,Ph.D.,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,
Indiana
RANarayanan,DepartmentsofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,Universityof
Minnesota,Minneapolis, Minnesota
XiaochuanPan,Ph.D.,DepartmentofRadiologyPritzkerSchoolofMedicine,Universityof
Chicago,Chicago,Illinois
PaulPoon,Ph.D.,DepartmentofPhysiology,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan
Yoon Jeong Park, Ph.D., DepartmentofPhannaceutical Sciences, College ofPhannacy,
UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan
JianZhongQian,Ph.D.,SiemensCorporateResearch,Inc.Princeton,NewJersey
CheChouShen,M.S.,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,
Taiwan
PeterT. C. So,Ph.D.,DivisionofBioengineering, MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
viii Contributors
YungNienSun,Ph.D.,DepartmentofComputerScienceandInformationEngineering,National
ChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan
HsingWenSung,Ph.D,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,
Hsinchu,Taiwan
K.KirkShung,Ph.D.,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,500OlinHallofEngineering,
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles
Eric W.C. Tam, Ph.D., Jockey ClubRehabilitationEngineering Center, The Hong Kong
PolytechnicUniversity,Hunghom,Kowloon,HongKong
P J Tsai,M.S.,DepartmentofEducationandResearch,TaichungVeteranGeneralHospital,
Taichung,Taiwan
Bonnie YS Tsung, Mphil, Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Hong Kong
PolytechnicUniversity,Hunghom,Kowloon,HongKong
GwoJawWang,M.D.,DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery,KaohsiungMedicalUniversity,
Kaohsiung,Taiwan
Nien HwaLindaWang, Ph.D.,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,Purdue University, West
Lafayette,Indiana
TzaHuei Wang,Ph.D.,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,Los
Angeles,LosAngeles,California
HuiHuaWen,Ph.D.,DepartmentofRadiology,PritzkerSchoolofMedicine,Universityof
Chicago,Chicago,Illinois
SavioY.L. Woo, Ph.D.,DSc.,MusculoskeletalResearch Center, UniversityofPittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
JaiWu,DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing
Yaotsu Wu, Ph.D., Department ofBiophysical Fluid Mechanics, California Institute of
Technology,Pasadena,California.
Zhongjun(Jon)Wu,Ph.D.,DepartmentofSurgery,UniversityofMaryland,SchoolofMedicine,
Baltimore,Maryland
BaoshuXi,Ph.D.,DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing
YiXie,Ph.D.,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana
ChungShiYang,Ph.D.,DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,NationalChi-NanUniversity,Puli,
Nantou,Taiwan
KingH.Yang,Ph.D.,BioengineeringCenter,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan
VictorC.Yang,Ph.D.,DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy,University
ofMichigan,Michigan
YaoTingYu,Ph.D.,KeyLaboratoryofBioactiveMaterialResearch,MinistryofEducation,
NankaiUniversity,Tianjin,China.
J.D.Zhang,Ph.D.,JockeyClubRehabilitationEngineeringCenter,TheHongKongPolytechnic
University,Hunghom,Kowloon,HongKong
LiyingZhang,BioengineeringCenter,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan
MingZhang,Ph.D.,JockeyClubRehabilitationEngineeringCenter,TheHongKongPolytechnic
University,Hunghom,Kowloon,HongKong
ShaoqunZeng,Ph.D.,KeyLaboratoryofBiomedicalPhotonics ofMinistryofEducation,
HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan, Hubei
Y.P.Zheng,Ph.D.,JockeyClubRehabilitationEngineeringCenter,TheHongKongPolytechnic
University,Hunghom,Kowloon, HongKong
Foreword
Bioengineering is an interdisciplinary area ofbiology and engineering. Its method is
scientific. Ithas its roots inthe traditionalbiologyandtraditionalengineering. Ithas itsown
reasonfor existence, itsownbeauty, itsownfruits, and itsownwaytobenefithumanbeing.
Bioengineering is becoming very popular in universities, industries, and general public.
Everybodyisinterestedinlookingitover,decidingwhatitisgoodfor, andwhatisitsfuture.
Toprovideanauthoritativesurveyofthefieldofbioengineering is thepurposeofthisbook.
Thisbookhasthirty-sixchapters,roughlydividedintosevenareas: namely,biomechanics,
biomaterials,tissueengineering,photonics,instrumentation,medicalimaging,andrehabilitation.
Ofthethirty-sixseniorauthors,twenty-fourofthemresideinAmerica,eleveninAsia,andone
inEurope.Aunifyingfeature ofthebookisthateverychapterrepresentstheresultsofmany
yearsofdiligentworkbyoutstandingauthors. Theyarereportsofaspirations,anddifficulties
encountered, anddifficultiesresolved.
There is a ground swelling idea that science serves people irrespective ofnational
boundaries,andthatpeopleoftheworldcanbeunitedtoworktogetherandtoenjoyacommon
wellbeing.Followingthisidea,somepeopleaskedwhynotletthemformaWorldAssociation
oflike-mindedpeople.AnexampleisallthebioengineerswhospeakChineseasalanguagebut
reside indifferentcountries. Forthese people, a formation ofsucha scientific association
wouldbearightsteptowardagoodgoal. Throughthe goodeffortofDrNedHwang, sucha
meetingwasheldinTaipeiinDecember2002,andthisbookisitsproduct.
Bioengineeringwasbornnottoo longago.Asanewfield, itwasfull ofinnovativeideas.
Eachidea, however,needssometimeto develop itandtestit. Onlyaselectionofsomeofthe
best ideas that have passed the tests are reported in this book. In the meantime, the human
genomeprojectwascompleted. Thiscompletionwas suchamomentous eventthatitseffect
on bioengineering is sure to corne. Simultaneously, on the engineering side we now have
almost limitlesscomputingpower. Thecombinationofthese eventsallowsbioengineersto
thinknewthoughts andtoattemptnewapproaches. Ourfield willsurelyopenup further and
manysplendidblossomswillshine.
Y. C.B.Fung,Ph.D.
DepartmentofBioengineering
UniversityofCalifornia-SanDiego
IX
Preface
TheFirstWorldCongressforChineseBiomedicalEngineers(WCCBME)cameaboutasa
resultoftheconsensualfeeling ofsomeofthe truepioneerswhohelpedtoestablishthefield
ofbiomedicalengineeringnearlyahalfcenturyago andthemanyworld-classresearchers: It
wastimetogettogethertoteach,learn,compareandpointthe lightintothefuture! Thisfirst
gatheringofitskindwasheldinTaipei,Taiwanfrom December11 to 15,2002. Itwasavery
excitingideatohaveallthisbrainpowerunderthesamerooftoreviewourpastandguideour
professionintothefuture. Webegantoplanthemeetinginthespringof2001,andittookthree
tripstoSanDiego,California,forNHtofinalize theprogram. The34invitedspeakersgave
overviewsoftheirrespectivefields intutorialfashion. Thelectureswereallgiveninthesame
room sothat we,over400participants from various disciplines andspecialties,couldlearn
from eachother.
In addition to the typicalexcitementata well-run, well-attendedcongressin wonderful
surroundings, reuniting with old friends and making new ones created an atmosphere of
happiness. Welearned,andlearnedsomemore. Totopthings off,twoveryimportantevents
resultedfromthiscongress. One,ofcourse,wasthisbook; andtheotherwastheformation of
theWorldAssociationofChineseBiomedicalEngineers(WCBE).
We pondered whetherour field was becoming less attractive for young talents, while
questioning whetherthecurrentbioengineeringeducationandresearch involvedasufficient
amountofengineering. TheCongressprovidedustheopportunityfor athoroughdiscussion.
Weare gratifiedthatmanyofthe pioneerswereenthusiastic aboutthe ideaandtooktimeto
joinusinexploringnewavenuestoencouragestudentstobecomebioengineers. Ourstrategies
includepromotingbasicandtranslationalresearchinbiomedicalengineering,bettertargeting
special areas forresearch, facilitating employmentopportunities, developingcollaboration
betweenindustryandacademia,andfinally,establishingaspiritofinternationalcollaboration.
Thisbookservesas afirststepinpursuingthesegoals. Furthermore,abi-annualinternational
meetingofChineseBiomedicalEngineerswilltakeplaceinordertofurtherdevelopoutreach
andeducationalprograms.
The35chaptersofthisvolumearedividedintofourmajorsectionsinarbitraryorder: (I)
Biomechanics,includingthemusculoskeletalsystemandcirculationsystem; (II)Imagingand
Diagnostics;(III)MolecularandTissueEngineering;and(IV)Nanoscience,DrugDelivery,and
New Instrumentation. We are, ofcourse, honored to have Professor Yuan-Cheng Fung's
participation- heprovidedaleadingchapteroverviewingthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.
Wehopethatthereaders willbeinspiredbythebreadthanddepthofthematerialpreparedby
the authors. Eachchapterdiscusses thecurrentknowledge andmanysuggestnewdirections
forfuture researchandeducation. Theauthors' insightandknowledgetrulyepitomizelong
standingleadershipandinfluentialcontributionstothefieldofbioengineering. Wearethankful
xi
