From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband

452 Pages·2011·3.41 MB·English

by  Martin Sauter

FROM GSM TO LTE

FROM GSM TO LTE
AN INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
NETWORKS AND MOBILE
BROADBAND
Martin Sauter
WirelessMoves,Germany
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Sauter,Martin.
FromGSMtoLTE:anintroductiontomobilenetworksandmobilebroadband/byMartinSauter.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-66711-8(cloth)
1.Mobilecommunicationsystems.2.Wirelessmetropolitanareanetworks.3.WirelessLANs.I.Title.
TK5103.2.S282011
621.382–dc22
2010038166
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:978-0-470-66711-8
ePDFISBN:978-0-470-97824-5
oBookISBN:978-0-470-97823-8
ePubISBN:978-0-470-97822-1
Typesetin9/11ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
Preface xiii
ListofFigures xv
ListofTables xxiii
ListofAbbreviations xxv
1 GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications(GSM) 1
1.1 Circuit-SwitchedDataTransmission 1
1.1.1 ClassicCircuitSwitching 1
1.1.2 VirtualCircuitSwitchingoverIP 3
1.2 Standards 4
1.3 TransmissionSpeeds 4
1.4 The SignalingSystemNumber 7 5
1.4.1 TheClassicSS-7ProtocolStack 6
1.4.2 SS-7ProtocolsforGSM 8
1.4.3 IP-BasedSS-7ProtocolStack 9
1.5 The GSMSubsystems 10
1.6 The NetworkSubsystem 11
1.6.1 TheMobileSwitchingCenter(MSC) 11
1.6.2 TheVisitorLocationRegister(VLR) 13
1.6.3 TheHomeLocationRegister(HLR) 14
1.6.4 TheAuthenticationCenter 18
1.6.5 TheShortMessagingServiceCenter(SMSC) 19
1.7 The BaseStationSubsystem(BSS)and VoiceProcessing 21
1.7.1 FrequencyBands 21
1.7.2 TheBaseTransceiverStation(BTS) 23
1.7.3 TheGSMAirInterface 24
1.7.4 TheBaseStationController(BSC) 30
1.7.5 TheTRAUforVoiceEncoding 34
1.7.6 ChannelCoderandInterleaverintheBTS 38
1.7.7 CipheringintheBTSandSecurityAspects 39
1.7.8 Modulation 42
1.7.9 VoiceActivityDetection 43
1.8 MobilityManagement and CallControl 44
1.8.1 CallReselectionandLocationAreaUpdate 44
vi Contents
1.8.2 TheMobile-TerminatedCall 46
1.8.3 HandoverScenarios 49
1.9 The MobileDevice 51
1.10 The SIMCard 53
1.11 The IntelligentNetworkSubsystemandCAMEL 58
1.12 Questions 60
References 60
2 General Packet RadioService (GPRS)andEDGE 63
2.1 Circuit-SwitchedDataTransmissionover GSM 63
2.2 Packet-Switched DataTransmissionover GPRS 64
2.3 The GPRSAirInterface 66
2.3.1 GPRSvs.GSMTimeslotUsageontheAirInterface 66
2.3.2 MixedGSM/GPRSTimeslotUsageinaBaseStation 68
2.3.3 CodingSchemes 68
2.3.4 EnhancedDataratesforGSMEvolution(EDGE) 70
2.3.5 MobileDeviceClasses 73
2.3.6 NetworkModeofOperation 73
2.3.7 GPRSLogicalChannelsontheAirInterface 75
2.4 The GPRSStateModel 77
2.5 GPRSNetworkElements 80
2.5.1 ThePacketControlUnit(PCU) 80
2.5.2 TheServingGPRSSupportNode(SGSN) 81
2.5.3 TheGatewayGPRSSupportNode(GGSN) 83
2.6 GPRSRadioResourceManagement 84
2.7 GPRSInterfaces 88
2.8 GPRSMobilityManagement and SessionManagement (GMM/SM) 92
2.8.1 MobilityManagementTasks 93
2.8.2 GPRSSessionManagement 94
2.9 Session Management fromaUser PointofView 97
2.10 Small Screen Web Browsingover GPRSand EDGE 100
2.10.1 WAP1.1UsedinEarlyGPRSDevices 101
2.10.2 WAP2.0 103
2.10.3 SmallScreenWebBrowsingwithNetworkSideCompression 104
2.10.4 SmallScreenWebBrowsing–QualityofExperience 105
2.11 The MultimediaMessagingService(MMS)over GPRS 106
2.12 Web BrowsingviaGPRS 110
2.12.1 ImpactofDelayontheWeb-BrowsingExperience 110
2.12.2 WebBrowserOptimizationforMobileWebBrowsing 112
2.13 Questions 113
References 113
3 Universal MobileTelecommunicationsSystems(UMTS)andHigh-Speed
Packet Access (HSPA) 115
3.1 Overview,HistoryandFuture 115
3.1.1 3GPPRelease99:TheFirstUMTSAccessNetworkImplementation 116
3.1.2 3GPPRelease4:EnhancementsfortheCircuit-SwitchedCoreNetwork 119
3.1.3 3GPPRelease5:IMSandHigh-SpeedDownlinkPacketAccess 119
3.1.4 3GPPRelease6:High-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA) 122
3.1.5 3GPPRelease7:EvenFasterHSPAandContinuedPacketConnectivity 122
Contents vii
3.1.6 3GPPRelease8:LTE,FurtherHSPAandEnhancementsandFemtocells 123
3.1.7 3GPPRelease9:DigitalDividendandDualCellImprovements 123
3.1.8 3GPPRelease10:LTE-Advanced 124
3.2 ImportantNew ConceptsofUMTS 124
3.2.1 TheRadioAccessBearer(RAB) 124
3.2.2 TheAccessStratumandNonaccessStratum 125
3.2.3 CommonTransportProtocolsforCSandPS 126
3.3 CodeDivisionMultipleAccess (CDMA) 126
3.3.1 SpreadingFactor,ChipRateandProcessGain 130
3.3.2 TheOVSFCodeTree 130
3.3.3 ScramblinginUplinkandDownlinkDirection 131
3.3.4 UMTSFrequencyandCellPlanning 133
3.3.5 TheNear–FarEffectandCellBreathing 133
3.3.6 AdvantagesoftheUMTSRadioNetworkComparedtoGSM 135
3.4 UMTSChannelStructureontheAirInterface 136
3.4.1 UserPlaneandControlPlane 136
3.4.2 CommonandDedicatedChannels 137
3.4.3 Logical,TransportandPhysicalChannels 137
3.4.4 Example:NetworkSearch 141
3.4.5 Example:InitialNetworkAccessProcedure 143
3.4.6 TheUuProtocolStack 145
3.5 The UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccess Network(UTRAN) 148
3.5.1 Node-B,IubInterface,NBAPandFP 148
3.5.2 TheRNC,Iu,IubandIurInterfaces,RANAPandRNSAP 150
3.5.3 AdaptiveMultirate(AMR)CodecforVoiceCalls 154
3.5.4 RadioResourceControl(RRC)States 154
3.6 CoreNetworkMobilityManagement 158
3.7 RadioNetworkMobilityManagement 159
3.7.1 MobilityManagementintheCell-DCHState 159
3.7.2 MobilityManagementinIdleState 167
3.7.3 MobilityManagementinOtherStates 169
3.8 UMTSCSand PSCallEstablishment 170
3.9 UMTSSecurity 173
3.10 High-SpeedDownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA)and HSPA+ 175
3.10.1 HSDPAChannels 175
3.10.2 ShorterDelayTimesandHybridARQ(HARQ) 177
3.10.3 Node-BScheduling 179
3.10.4 AdaptiveModulationandCoding,TransmissionRatesandMulticarrier
Operation 180
3.10.5 EstablishmentandReleaseofanHSDPAConnection 181
3.10.6 HSDPAMobilityManagement 182
3.11 High-SpeedUplinkPacket Access (HSUPA) 183
3.11.1 E-DCHChannelStructure 184
3.11.2 TheE-DCHProtocolStackandFunctionality 187
3.11.3 E-DCHScheduling 188
3.11.4 E-DCHMobility 191
3.11.5 E-DCH-CapableDevices 192
3.12 Radioand CoreNetworkEnhancements: CPCand OneTunnel 192
3.12.1 ANewUplinkControlChannelSlotFormat 193
3.12.2 CQIReportingReductionandDTXandDRX 193
viii Contents
3.12.3 HS-SCCHDiscontinuousReception 194
3.12.4 HS-SCCH-lessOperation 194
3.12.5 EnhancedCell-FACHandCell-/URA-PCHStates 195
3.12.6 RadioNetworkEnhancement:OneTunnel 196
3.13 HSPA Performance inPractice 197
3.13.1 ThroughputinPractice 198
3.13.2 RadioResourceStateManagement 198
3.13.3 PowerConsumption 199
3.13.4 Web-BrowsingExperience 200
3.14 UMTSand CDMA2000 201
3.15 Questions 203
References 204
4 LongTerm Evolution(LTE) 205
4.1 Introductionand Overview 205
4.2 NetworkArchitectureandInterfaces 207
4.2.1 LTEMobileDevicesandtheLTEUuInterface 207
4.2.2 TheeNode-BandtheS1andX2Interfaces 209
4.2.3 TheMobilityManagementEntity(MME) 212
4.2.4 TheServingGateway(S-GW) 214
4.2.5 ThePDN-Gateway 214
4.2.6 TheHomeSubscriberServer(HSS) 215
4.2.7 Billing,PrepaidandQualityofService 217
4.3 FDD AirInterfaceandRadioNetwork 217
4.3.1 OFDMAforDownlinkTransmission 218
4.3.2 SC-FDMAforUplinkTransmission 220
4.3.3 Symbols,Slots,RadioBlocksandFrames 221
4.3.4 ReferenceandSynchronizationSignals 221
4.3.5 TheLTEChannelModelinDownlinkDirection 223
4.3.6 DownlinkManagementChannels 224
4.3.7 SystemInformationMessages 224
4.3.8 TheLTEChannelModelinUplinkDirection 225
4.3.9 MIMOTransmission 227
4.3.10 HARQandOtherRetransmissionMechanisms 230
4.3.11 PDCPCompressionandCiphering 232
4.3.12 ProtocolLayerOverview 233
4.4 TD-LTE AirInterface 234
4.5 Scheduling 235
4.5.1 DownlinkScheduling 235
4.5.2 UplinkScheduling 238
4.6 BasicProcedures 239
4.6.1 CellSearch 239
4.6.2 AttachandDefaultBearerActivation 241
4.6.3 HandoverScenarios 245
4.6.4 DefaultandDedicatedBearers 249
4.7 MobilityManagementand Power Optimization 250
4.7.1 MobilityManagementinConnectedState 250
4.7.2 MobilityManagementinIdleState 252
4.8 LTE SecurityArchitecture 254
4.9 InterconnectionwithUMTSandGSM 254