From Foraging to Farming in the Andes: New Perspectives on Food Production and Social Organization

385 Pages·2011·7.092 MB·English

by  Tom D. Dillehay

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FROM FORAGING TO FARMING IN THE ANDES
ArchaeologistshavealwaysconsideredthebeginningsofAndeancivilizationfrom
ca. 13,000 to 5,000 years ago to be important in terms of the appearance of
domesticatedplantsandanimals,socialdifferentiation,andasedentarylifestyle,
butthereismoretothisperiodthanjustthesedevelopments.Duringthistime,the
spread of crop production and other technologies, kinship-based labor projects,
mound building, and population aggregation formed ever-changing conditions
across the Andes. From Foraging to Farming in the Andes proposes a new and more
complex model for understanding the transition from hunting and gathering to
cultivation. It argues that such developments evolved regionally, were fluid and
uneven,andweresubjecttoreversal.Thisbookdevelopstheseargumentsfroma
largebodyofarchaeologicalevidence,collectedoverthirtyyearsintwovalleys
innorthernPeru,andthenplacesthevalleysinthecontextofrecentscholarship
studyingsimilardevelopmentsaroundtheworld.
TomD.DillehayistheRebeccaWebbWilsonUniversityProfessorandDistin-
guishedProfessorofAnthropology,Religion,andCultureatVanderbiltUniver-
sity.Hehasconductednumerousarchaeologicalandanthropologicalprojectsin
Peru,Chile,Argentina,andotherSouthAmericancountriesandtheUnitedStates.
HeistheauthorofMonuments,Empires,andResistance:TheAraucanianPolityandRitual
Narratives,aswellasnumerousotherbooksandarticles.

FROM FORAGING TO
FARMING IN THE ANDES
New Perspectives on Food Production and
Social Organization
Editedby
TOM D. DILLEHAY
Vanderbilt University
Contributors
PETER KAULICKE
GREG MAGGARD
PATRICIA J. NETHERLY
DOLORES PIPERNO
JACK ROSSEN
KARY STACKELBECK
JOHN W. VERANO
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS
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Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107005273
(cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
FromforagingtofarmingintheAndes:newperspectivesonfoodproductionand
socialorganization/[editedby]TomD.Dillehay.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-00527-3(hardback)
1.IndiansofSouthAmerica–Agriculture–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley. 2.IndiansofSouth
America–Food–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley. 3.Huntingandgatheringsocieties–Peru–
JequetepequeRiverValley. 4.Agriculture–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley–Origin. 5.Plants,
Cultivated–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley. 6.Irrigationfarming–Peru–JequetepequeRiver
Valley. 7.Excavations(Archaeology)–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley. 8.Plantremains
(Archaeology)–Peru–JequetepequeRiverValley. 9.JequetepequeRiverValley(Peru)–
Antiquities. I.Dillehay,TomD. II.Title.
F3429.1.J46F76 2011
980(cid:3).01–dc22 2010043693
ISBN978-1-107-00527-3Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal
orthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatany
contentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Foreword pagexi
PeterKaulicke
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TomD.Dillehay
TheCentralAndeanCoastalPlainsandFoothills 6
EnvironmentandBoundaryoftheStudyArea 10
CulturalPhaseChronology 15
SettingtheStageintheStudyArea 17
SomeGuidingConceptualIssues 20
ClarificationsandtheBook’sOrganization 27
2 Research History, Methods, and Site Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
TomD.Dillehay,KaryStackelbeck,JackRossen,andGregMaggard
ProjectMethods 30
DefinitionofSiteTypes 35
SpatialandTemporalBoundariesofSites 40
3 Pleistocene and Holocene Environments from the Zan˜a to
the Chicama Valleys 25,000 to 6,000 Years Ago. . . . . . . . . . .43
PatriciaJ.Netherly
AnOverviewofClimateinNorthernSouthAmericafrom
theLateGlacialMaximumtotheMid-Holocene 47
BiogeographyoftheNorthernAndesfromthe
Pleistocene/HoloceneTransitiontotheMid-Holocene 59
EnvironmentalRecordsintheStudyRegion 70
EntomologicalIndicatorsforPaleoclimate 72
StableCarbonIsotopeAssays 73
Conclusion 74
v
Contents
4 El Palto Phase (13800–9800 BP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
GregMaggardandTomD.Dillehay
ElPaltoSubphase(∼13800–11700BP)8 0
Afterthoughts 93
5 Las Pircas Phase (9800–7800 BP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
JackRossen
EnvironmentalSetting 99
ArchitectureandFeatures 100
HumanRemains 105
HouseGardens 105
OtherSubsistence 106
TheNanchocLithicTradition 107
OtherIndustries 111
Ritualization 112
Summary 114
6 Tierra Blanca Phase (7800–5000 BP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
KaryStackelbeckandTomD.Dillehay
EnvironmentandSettlementPattern 117
SubsistencePatterns 122
Technology 123
DomesticArchitecture 125
PublicArchitecture 130
BurialPatterns/TreatmentoftheDead 131
Summary 132
7 Preceramic Mounds and Hillside Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
TomD.Dillehay,PatriciaJ.Netherly,andJackRossen
CementeriodeNanchocSite:CA-09–04 135
Non-MoundExcavationandWorkshopinZoneB 142
Geo-ChemicalandMicro-ResidueEvidenceforCalcite
(LimeorCal)Productions 144
GeophysicalSurvey 145
ComparativeImplicationsoftheCementeriodeNanchoc
Mounds 147
Discussion 148
TheTerminalPreceramicPeriodattheHillsideSiteofCerro
Guitarra(PV-19–54) 150
Discussion 159
vi
Contents
8 Human Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
JohnW.VeranoandJackRossen
ElPaltoPhase 164
LasPircasPhase 164
TierraBlancaPhase 166
TheQuestionofCannibalism 172
9 Preceramic Plant Gathering, Gardening, and Farming. . . . . . .177
JackRossen
ConceptualBeginnings 177
EnvironmentalSetting 178
ElPaltoPhase 179
LasPircasPhase 180
Discussion:LasPircasPhasePlantUse 185
TierraBlancaPhase 187
TerminalPreceramicPhase 188
Summary 189
ModelingEarlyPlantUse 190
10 Faunal Remains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
KaryStackelbeck
Methods 194
HabitatsoftheExploitedFauna 195
SeasonalityData 197
TechnologicalConsiderations 198
DiachronicPatternsofFaunalExploitation 199
FaunalAssemblagesandDomesticArchitecture 202
Summary 203
11 Technologies and Material Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
TomD.Dillehay,GregMaggard,JackRossen,andKaryStackelbeck
Architecture 205
Canals 211
PreservedGardensandAgriculturalFields 212
ExoticCuriosities 215
ChippedCopperOreandSmeltedCopper 215
LithicTechnology 216
Afterthought 228
12 Settlement and Landscape Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
TomD.Dillehay
SpatialVariabilityandPhaseAdaptations 236
vii
Contents
SpecificSiteandPhaseDistributions 238
GeneralPatterns 242
IntactBuriedCulturalDeposits 246
PopulationDynamicsandEstimates 248
PopulationAbandonment/Aggregation 251
Discussion 253
13 Foraging to Farming and Community Development . . . . . . . . 257
TomD.Dillehay,JackRossen,andKaryStackelbeck
PathwaystoFarming 260
EarlyWaterControl 262
TheNanchocTradition:CommunityLandUse,Exchange,
andInteractionSystems 263
TheEconomicFoundationsofAndeanCivilizations 267
Summary 270
14 Northern Peruvian Early and Middle Preceramic Agriculture
in Central and South American Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
DoloresPiperno
ThePlants,TheirSourceAreas,andTimeLinesof
Appearance 276
TheCommunitiesthatFirstCultivatedandDomesticated
Plants 281
FutureProspects 283
15 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
TomD.Dillehay
RitualandTechnology 291
SocialUnitsandLevels 295
Supra-HouseholdLevel 297
LandscapesandThresholds 298
BridgeheadCommunitiesandIntergroupFronts 302
WideningtheScopeofInteraction 304
SmallThoughts,BigChanges 306
Appendix1: RadiocarbonDatesforAllPreceramicPhasesand
Subphases 311
Appendix2: DryForestBiomesoftheCoastalValleysandLower
WesternSlopesinNorthwesternPeru 315
PatriciaJ.Netherly
viii