Forest Research Institute Alien Invasive Species and International Trade Edited by Hugh Evans ...

179 Pages·2007·3.77 MB·English

Forest Research Institute
Alien Invasive Species
and International Trade
Edited by
Hugh Evans and Tomasz Oszako
Warsaw 2007
Reviewers:
SteveWoodward(UniversityofAberdeen,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Scotland,UK)
FrançoisLefort(UniversityofAppliedScienceinLullier,Switzerland)
©CopyrightbyForestResearchInstitute,Warsaw2007
ISBN978-83-87647-64-3
Descriptionofphotographsonthecovers:
AlderdeclineinPoland–T.Oszako,ForestResearchInstitute,Poland
ALBBrighton–ForestResearch,UK;
Anoplophoraexithole(exampleofwoodpackagingpathway)–R.Burgess,
ForestryCommission,UK
CamerariaadultBrussels–P.Roose,Belgium;
Camerariadamagemediumview–ForestResearch,UK;
otherphotographsdescriptioninsidearticles–seeBelbahrietal.
LanguageEditor:JamesRichards
Layout:Gra¿ynaSzujecka
Print:Sowa–PrintonDemandwww.sowadruk.pl,phone:[phone]
InstytutBadawczyLeœnictwa
05-090Raszyn,ul.BraciLeœnej3, phone[+4822]7150616
e-mail:[email protected]
CONTENTS
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PartI–EXTENDEDABSTRACTS
ThomasJung,MarlaDowning,MarkusBlaschke,ThomasVernon
Phytophthorarootandcollarrotofalderscausedbytheinvasive
Phytophthoraalni:actualdistribution,pathways,andmodeled
potentialdistributioninBavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
TomaszOszako,LeszekB.Orlikowski,AleksandraTrzewik,
TeresaOrlikowska
StudiesontheoccurrenceofPhytophthora ramorum innurseries,forest
standsandgardencenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
LassaadBelbahri,EduardoMoralejo,GautierCalmin,FrançoisLefort,
JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals
ReportsofPhytophthorahedraiandraonViburnumtinus
andRhododendroncatawbienseinSpain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
LeszekB.Orlikowski,TomaszOszako
Theinfluenceofnursery-cultivatedplants,aswellascereals,legumes
andcrucifers,onselectedspeciesofPhytophthopra . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
LassaadBelbahri,GautierCalmin,TomaszOszako,EduardoMoralejo,
JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals,FrançoisLefort
Phytophthorapolonica:AnewspeciesisolatedfromaPolishdeclining
alderforests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
OlegBaranov,TomaszOszako
PossibilitiesofPhytophthoraidentificationasagroup
ofnewandeconomicallyimportantpathogensinforestry. . . . . . . . . 41
LassaadBelbahri, GautierCalmin, TomaszOszako, EduardoMoralejo,
EsperanzaSanchez-Hernandez, AdeleMcLeod, EnriqueDescals,
FrançoisLefort
NewPythiumspecies:Pythiumquercum,Pythiumsterilum,
Pythiumspiculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
OttmarHoldenrieder,ThomasN.Sieber
FirstrecordofDisculadestructivainSwitzerlandandpreliminaryinocula-
tionexperimentsonnativeEuropeanCornusspecies . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ShinUgawa,KenjiFukuda
Reductionofdiversityinectomycorrhizalfungalflora
causedbydamagefrompinewiltdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
MagdalenaBasiewicz,DobrawaJankiewicz,SteveWoodward,
NikoletaSoulioti,TomaszOszako
AreviewofhistoricaldataonalieninvasivespeciesinEurope . . . . . . 64
JanStenlid,AlbertoSantini,AndreaVannini,PaoloCapretti,
RimvisVasiliauskas
FORTHREATS:Europeannetworkonemergingdiseasesandinvasive
speciesthreatstoEuropeanforestecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
AlainRoques
OldandnewpathwaysforinvasionofexoticforestinsectsinEurope. . . 80
BjørnØkland,OlavSkarpaas,KyrreKausrud,NilsChr.Stenseth,
NadirErbilgin
Spatiotemporaldynamicsofintroducedbarkbeetles. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
MilanZúbrik,AndrejKunca,JozefVakula,RomanLeontovyè,
AndrejGubka
InvadinginsectsandpathogensinSlovakiaforestswithfocusing
onDreyfusianordmannianaeasaregularpestinmountainareas . . . . . 94
MilošKní(cid:2)ek
Barkandambrosiabeetlespeciesinworldwidetrade. . . . . . . . . . . 101
JozefVakula,AndrejKunca,MilanZúbrik,RomanLeontovyè,
ValériaLongauerová,AndrejGubka
DistributionoftwoInvasivepestsinSlovakiasince1996 . . . . . . . . 105
HenriVanhanen,TimoVeteli,SannaSivonen,WilliamMattson,
PekkaNiemelä
FewimmigrantphytophagousinsectsonwoodyplantsinEurope:
legacyoftheEuropeancrucible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
MarcKenis,ChristellePéré
Ecologicalimpactofinvasiveinsectsinforestecosytems . . . . . . . . 118
TomaszOszako,MarekSiewniak,MargaritaSiewniak
Thenegativeinfluenceoftheso-called”injection”measureonthreatened
horsechestnuttrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
SimonA.Lawson
Eucalyptsassourceandsinkforinvasivepestsanddiseases. . . . . . . 133
JonathanSweeney,PeterdeGroot,LelandHumble,LindaMacDonald,
JessicaPrice,TomaszMokrzycki,JerzyM.Gutowski
Detectionofwood-boringspeciesinsemiochemical-baitedtraps . . . . 139
RobertA.Haack,TobyR.Petrice,PascalNzokou,D.PascalKamdem
Doinsectsinfestwoodpackingmaterialwithbarkfollowingheat-treatment?145
HughF.Evans
ISPM15treatmentsandresidualbark:howmuchbarkmattersinrelation
tofounderpopulationsofbarkandwoodboringbeetles?. . . . . . . . . 149
KatarzynaSupernak,PiotrKacprzak,MarekKrzemiñski
TheideaofForestPromotionalComplex„PuszczaKozienicka”
withspecialregardstotourismstrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
PARTII–ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
INTRODUCTION
ThisbooksummarisesthepresentationsattheInauguralmeetingIUFROUnit7.03.12
“AlienInvasiveSpeciesandInternationalTrade”whichwasheldinPoland,3-7July,2006
intheEcologicalEducationandEuropeanIntegrationCentreofStateForests,inJedlnia.
Themeetingwasattendedbyover60delegatesfrom18countriesrepresentingboththe
northernandsouthernhemispheres.OneofthepurposesofthisnewIUFROUnitistoen-
couragecross-disciplinaryexchangeinrelationtoalltypesofAlienInvasiveSpecies(AIS)
and, to this end, the programme included consideration of a wide range of biotic agents,
principallyinvertebratesandtreepathogens,thatcouldbeclassifiedasAIS.
Aspresentedinthisbook,thepapersareorganisedintofourmaintopics:
•AlieninvasivespeciesinEurope,
•Worldecologicalimpact,
•Detectionandpolicy,
•Preventionmeasuresandtreatments.
There is a broad range of scientific topics presented and discussed ranging from the
damage caused by Phytophthora species, through analysis of pathways for international
movementofpestsandpathogens,totheimplicationsofscientificfindingsforpolicyand
regulatoryframeworks.
Thecontentofthebookpresentsbothscientificandregulatorypapers,reflectingthe
rangeofexpertiseofthedelegates.Thisprovidesaforumforexplorationofissuesarising
fromresearchandfromexperiencesinmanagingtheregulationofpathwaystoreduceor
preventinternationalmovementofAIS.Therearetopicsofuniversalinterestandvaluable
opinionsinrelationtopathwaysforinternationalmovementofAIS:
WoodpackagingmaterialandimplementationofISPM15*
Thisisverymuchacurrenttopicandseveralpapersaddressthisissue.Themaincon-
cernsarewhetherresidualbarkonISPM15treatedwoodposeathreatthroughinfestation
aftertreatmentand,secondly,howreliabletheISPM15markisinindicatingthattreatment
hadactuallybeencarriedout.Thereisanincreasingbodyofresearchthatprovidesevidence
forsuccessfulbreedingbybarkandwoodboringbeetlesonwoodwithbarkthathasbeen
subjectedtoISPM15treatments,whetherbyheattreatmentormethylbromidefumigation.
PapersbyRobertHaack(USA)andbyHughEvans(UK)confirmthisfindingand,inaddi-
tion,bothauthorsconsiderthesignificanceoftheamountofresidualbarkinquantifyingthe
risks.Theconclusionsfromtheirexperimentalstudiesandfromsurveyworkofpackaging
woodintradecarriedoutbyRobertHaackintheUSAwasthatbarkpiecesapproximately
greaterthanacreditcardinsize(i.e.approximately45cm2)hadassociatedliveinsectsthat
couldenablebarkbeetlespeciestocompletetheirlifecycles.HughEvansraisestheques-
tionofhowmanybeetlesemergingactuallyconstituteasuccessfulfounderpopulation.Dis-
cussion on different types of packaging wood, particularly the distinction between
*ISPM15–InternationalStandardsonPhytosanitaryRegulationsNo15:Guidelinesforregulatingwoodpackag-
ingmaterialininternationaltrade
manufacturedpackagingsuchaspallets(discussedbyCharlesRay(USA))anddunnage,
concentrateontheamountofresidualbarkthatcouldbepresent.Itisclearthatpackaging
woodsuchaspalletsareproducedtoindustrystandardsthat,irrespectiveofphytosanitary
regulations,requireahighdegreeoffreedomfrombark.Thisinevitablyleadstodiscussion
onhowtodefinefreedomfrombark(i.e.debarkedvsbark-free)andtheneedformorerigor-
ousdefinitionsofbarkfreedom.Overall,itisfeltthatdunnage,usuallyproducedfromsal-
vagewood,representsthehighestriskbecauseittendstohavemoreassociatedbarkandis
alsomoredifficulttotreattoISPM15standards.
ThequestionofhowreliabletheISPM15markisinprovidingassurancethatthewood
hasactuallybeensuccessfullytreatedisraisedbyShiromaSathyapala(NZ)whopointsout
thatthereisaneedforconfidenceinthesystemandthatsharingofinterceptiondata,par-
ticularlyforinstancesofnon-compliance,willbeastepforward.EricAllen(Canada)points
outthatNAPPO*shareslistsofthetop10countrieswithlowestcompliance.Itisagreedthat
it will be valuable to categorise the pathways within the broader definition of packaging
woodandtoconsidertherisksfromtreatmentfailureand/orpresenceofresidualbarkfor
eachpathway.BillAley(USA)andJonSweeney(Canada)suggestthatfurthersurveillance
ofwoodpackaging,includingpalletsandothercategories,withtheISPM15markwillyield
thedatanecessarytocategorisepathwaysandtheirassociatedrisks.
FurtherdiscussionisneededforalternativetreatmentregimeswithinISPM15,particu-
larlyforcountrieswherecurrentmethodsaredifficulttoimplement,becauseofthecosts
and lack of proper infrastructure issues necessary in establishing compliance systems.
ClementChilima(Malawi)indicatesthatexpertiseincapacitybuildingwillbevaluableand
thatpublicawarenessoftheissueispoorindevelopingcountries.Healsofeelsthataspects
suchasnaturalresistancetopestsforcertaintreespeciescouldbeusedtocategorisethem
forISPM15compliance.JacquesGagnon(Canada)feelsthatdrawingtogetherallavailable
information on current options, particularly categorised according to different types of
woodpackagingwillhelptoidentifybothrisksandpossibletreatmentoptions.BarbaraIll-
man(USA)suggeststhatindustrytendstosolveproblemsaccordingtotheneedandthat
traininganddemonstrationoftechnologieswillhelptoresolvetechnicalissues.
Plantsforplantingasapathwayformovementofpestsandpathogens
Plantsforplantingasapathwayforinvasiveorganismsisatopicofconcernbeingcon-
sistentlycitedashighrisk,particularlyforinvasivepathogens.Itisacknowledgedthatphy-
tosanitaryrulesarealreadyinplaceinrelationtonamedorganismsandthatfullcompliance
with these rules should provide acceptable protection. However, it is also acknowledged
that(a)inspection-basedregimesareunlikelytopickupallinfringementsespeciallywith
large increases in trade, (b) that an organism-based process will tend to miss new and
emergingpestandpathogenproblemsand(c)thatapplicationoftreatmentmethodstore-
moveinvasiveorganismsismoredifficultforthispathway.
Ingeneral,delegatesfeltthatanalysisofthe‘plantsforplanting’pathwaytoidentify
‘keystone’damagingorganismswouldenableconstructionofadatabaseofbiologicalchar-
acteristicsofAISthataremostlikelytoexploitthispathwayfortransportationtonewloca-
*NorthAmericanPlantProtectionOrganisation
tions. It is felt that such a biologically-based list will be of more value than the current
namedorganismapproachandwillenableanalysisofspecieslistsinexportingcountriesto
assesslikelihoodofassociationwithliveplantsforexport.Duringawide-rangingdiscus-
sion,itwasagreedtoestablishasub-group,undertheleadershipofKerryBritton(USA),to
analysewhichnurserystock‘pests’(toincludeinvertebratesandpathogens)havebecome
problemsinforestrysystemsistheissueofagreatimportanceandtoprovideapositionpa-
per on this important issue. The NAPPO Plants for Planting standard (which is based on
cleanstockprograms)andIPPCarealsomovingtowardsthisbasisforthePlantsforPlant-
ingpathway.Sharinginformationandexperiencesinearlydetectionofpestsandpathogens
onpathways,includingplantsforplantingisofacrucialsignificancetoreachthegoalofre-
ducingtherisksofmovementsofpestsalongthispathway.
Furthermore,liveplantsarethesubjectofconsiderationofrisksofweedinessinrela-
tiontotheplantsthemselvesbecoming‘pests’.Characteristicsofweedinesshavealready
beendiscussedbroadlyinthescientificliterature.Thereismuchtobelearnedfromknowl-
edgeofadaptationoflocalpestandpathogenspeciestoexotictreesandshrubsasafurther
elementintheriskprofileofplantsforplanting.
Thepapersindicatethat‘PlantsforPlanting’isapathwaythatrequiresgreateratten-
tionandwillbeacoreitemfortheUnitasitdevelopsandpreparesforfuturemeetings.
Thebookprovidesafocusforforest‘pests’andtheirmovementinternationally,butit
isclearfrompapersbyAlainRoques(France),WojciechSolarz(Poland),ClementChilima
(Malawi)andStasBurgiel(USA)thattherearemanyinitiatives,nationallyandinternation-
ally,inthisarea.Thereisaclearneedtomaintaingoodcommunicationandcoordination
betweenthevariousinitiativesand,atleastfortheforestrysector,Unit7.03.12couldpro-
videa‘one-stopshop’forlinkage.
Dr.HughEvansandDr.TomaszOszako
PART I
EXTENDED ABSTRACTS
10
PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND COLLAR ROT OF ALDERS
CAUSED BY THE INVASIVE PHYTOPHTHORA ALNI:
ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION, PATHWAYS, AND MODELED
POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN BAVARIA
ThomasJung1,MarlaDowning2,MarkusBlaschke3,ThomasVernon2
1IndependentScientistandConsultantforTreeDiseases,Thomastrasse75,D-83098Brannenburg,
Germany,www.tree-diseases.com,[email protected].
2ForestHealthTechnologyEnterpriseTeam,ForestHealthProtection,USDAForestService,Suite
331,2150CentreAvenue,BuildingA,FortCollins,CO80526-1891.
3BavarianStateInstituteofForestry(LWF),SectionForestEcologyandForestProtection,Am
Hochanger11,D-85354Freising,Germany.
HISTORYANDSYMPTOMSOFPHYTOPHTHORAROOT
ANDCOLLARROTOFALDERS
In1993apreviouslyunknownlethalrootandcollarrotdiseaseofcommonalder
(Alnus glutinosa) was recorded in southern Britain. It occurred mainly along
riverbanks, but also in orchard shelterbelts and woodland plantations (Gibbs et al.
1999).Inthefollowingyearsthediseasewasalsofoundongreyalder(A.incana)and
Italianalder(A.cordata),andinGermany,France,Ireland,Sweden,theNetherlands,
Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Italy (Hartmann 1995;
Gibbsetal.1999,2003;Jung&Blaschke2003,2004,2006;Oszako2005,Szabóetal.
2000;Streitoetal.2002;Brasier&Jung2003).Thecausalorganismwasidentifiedasa
swarm of interspecific hybrids between Phytophthora cambivora and an unknown
PhytophthorarelatedtoP.fragariae(Brasieretal.1995,1999),andrecentlydescribed
asanewspecies,Phytophthoraalnisp.nov.,whichcomprises3subspecies(Brasieret
al.2004).
Infected trees show abnormally small, sparse and often yellowish foliage, a
dieback of the crown, early and often excessive fructification with unusually small
cones,andtongue-shapednecrosesoftheinnerbarkandthecambiumwhichextended
upto3mfromthestembasewithtarryorrustyspotsonthesurfaceofthebark(Jung&
Blaschke2001;Figs.1–4).
Figure1.Greyalder(Alnusincana)growing
in a plantation on former agricultural land
with sparse, chlorotic and small-sized
foliage due to Phytophthora alni root and
collarrot