FMUWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems

199 Pages·2017·41.51 MB·English

by  Nitz Saputra, John R. Long

FM-UWB Transceivers
for Autonomous Wireless Systems
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN CIRCUITSAND SYSTEMS
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MASSIMOALIOTO KOFIMAKINWA
NationalUniversityofSingapore DelftUniversityofTechnology
Singapore TheNetherlands
DENNISSYLVESTER
UniversityofMichigan
USA
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The NEC and You Perfect Together:
FM-UWB Transceivers
Afo CroAmuptroenheonmsioveu sStWudiyr eolfe tshse Systems
National Electrical Code
Nitz Saputra
QualcommInc.,USA
Gregory P. Bierals
Electrical Design Institute, USAJohn R. Long
UniversityofWaterloo,Canada
River Publishers
Published2017byRiverPublishers
RiverPublishers
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www.riverpublishers.com
DistributedexclusivelybyRoutledge
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605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017,USA
FM-UWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems/by Nitz Saputra,
JohnR.Long.
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ISBN978-87-93519-16-9(print)
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Contents
Preface ix
ListofFigures xi
ListofTables xix
ListofAbbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 DesignChallengesandOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 OutlineofthisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 TechnicalBackground 19
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 DigitalModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Ultra-Wideband(UWB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 FM-UWBModulationScheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 SpecificationsforFM-UWBTransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6 ConventionalFM-UWBTransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.7 SurveyofLow-PowerCMOSCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7.1 Sub-ThresholdCMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7.2 GainBoostingorQ-EnhancementTechnique . . . . 37
2.7.3 MaximumVoltageSupplyUtilization . . . . . . . . 39
2.7.4 AdaptivePowerControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7.5 LowComplexityTransceiverArchitecture . . . . . . 41
2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
v
vi Contents
3 FM-UWBTransmitter 49
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 FM-UWBTransmitterCircuitDesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.1 RFCarrierOscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.2 PowerAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.3 Sub-CarrierOscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.4 TransconductanceAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.5 SAR-FLLCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.6 VoltageandCurrentReferences . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3 ExperimentalMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4 FM-UWBReceiver 69
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2 ProposedFM-UWBReceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3 CircuitDesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.1 RegenerativePreamplifierandFilter . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 EnvelopeDetectorandIFAmplifier . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5 ConclusionandSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5 FM-UWBTransceiver 91
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 TransceiverArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3 TransceiverCircuitDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.3.1 RFCurrent-ControlledRingOscillator . . . . . . . 94
5.3.2 FrequencyTriplerandPowerAmplifier . . . . . . . 95
5.3.3 TransconductanceAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.4 RegenerativeAmplifierandBandpassFilter . . . . . 98
5.3.5 EnvelopeDetector,IF-Amplifier,andLimiter . . . . 103
5.3.6 FSKDemodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.7 PositiveFeedbackCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.3.8 FrequencyCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Contents vii
6 PowerManagementforFM-UWB 125
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2 PowerManagementBackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.1 SolarCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.2 Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2.3 Supercapacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2.4 DC-DCConverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3 PowerManagementCircuitDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.3.1 Switched-CapacitorChargePump(SC-CP) . . . . . 140
6.3.2 LowDrop-Out(LDO)Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.3.3 Switched-CapacitorDCConverter(SC-DC) . . . . . 145
6.3.4 ClockGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3.5 BiasGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.4 MeasurementResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.1 SC-CPCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.2 LDOCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.4.3 SC-DCCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.4.4 PowerManagementSub-System . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Index 169
AbouttheAuthors 173

Preface
Significant research effort has been devoted to the study and realization of
autonomous wireless systems aimed at wireless sensor and personal-area
networking,theinternetofthings,andmachine-to-machinecommunications.
Low-power RF integrated circuits, an energy harvester, and a power man-
agement circuit are fundamental elements of these systems. All of these
components are designed and demonstrated in the form of a compact, low-
power frequency-modulated ultrawideband (FM-UWB) transceiver that is
describedinthisbook.
The FM-UWB modulation scheme was chosen because it offers advan-
tages in robustness to interference, and a simple hardware implementation.
TheFM-UWBtransceiverprototypesdescribedinthisbookutilizeadvanced
circuit design techniques and calibration schemes. They are realized in
bulk65-nmand90-nmcomplementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)
technology.Thetransceiverispoweredbyasolar-cellantenna(solant),which
transmits and receives RF signals while generating power from light falling
ontheantennasurface.TorealizeanautonomousRFsystem,aCMOSpower
managementcircuitisalsorealizedtointerfacethetransceiverandsolant.Both
transceiverandpowermanagementprototypesaredescribedthoroughlyinthis
book. Their performance is validated and compared with existing solutions
fromtherecenttechnicalliterature.
Thematerialinthisbookaredividedinto3mainparts:
Chapters 1 and 2 give an introduction to autonomous wireless systems
and their application. The FM-UWB scheme, its specification, and prior
implementationsaredescribed.Also,circuittechniquesrelatedtolow-power
CMOScircuitdesignsarerecommended.
Chapters3to5describeFM-UWBtransceiverimplementationsinCMOS
technology. Block-level circuit diagrams are detailed, along with a novel
digital calibration scheme. Measurement results validating the innovations
developedfortheseprototypesarealsopresented.
Chapter 6 introduces practical energy sources, storage, and DC-to-DC
convertersforanautonomouschip.ACMOSsolarpowermanagementcircuit
ix