Table Of ContentFly Ash in Concrete
Properties and Performance
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7 Fly Ash in Concrete: Properties and Performance
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Edited by K. Wesche
Fly Ash in Concrete
Properties and Performance
Report of Technical Committee 67-FAB
Use of Fly Ash in Building
RILEM
(The International Union of Testin g and Research
Laboratories for Materials and Structures)
Edited by
K. Wesche
Taylor &. Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Published by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
First edition 1991
Transferred to Digital Printing 2006
© 1991 RILEM
ISBN 0 419 15790 5 0 442 31473 6 (USA)
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Fly ash in concrete: Properties and Performance.
I. Wesche, K.
620.1
ISBN 0 419 15790 5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Available
Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this eprint but
rpoints out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent
Contents
Preface ix
RILEM Technical Committee 67-FA B xi
Introduction 1
1 Characterization of fly ash 3
J.L. ALONSO and K. WESCHE
1.1 Origin of coal and burning conditions 3
1.2 Properties of fly ash 5
1.2.1 Definitions and specifications 5
1.2.2 Mineralogical composition 8
1.2.3 Chemical composition 8
1.2.4 Granulometry 10
1.2.5 Specific surface 14
1.2.6 Density and density distribution 16
1.2.7 Water requirement 17
1.2.8 Pozzolanicity 17
1.2.9 Radioactivity 20
1.2.10 Soundness 21
1.2.11 Colour 22
1.2.12 Moisture 22
2 Fresh mortar and concrete with fly ash 24
W. von BERG and H. KUKKO
2.1 Properties of freshly mixed mortar an d concrete 24
2.2 Admixtures and air content 31
2.2.1 Superplasticizers 31
2.2.2 Accelerators 33
2.2.3 Air content 35
2.3 Setting 39
2.4 Plastic shrinkage 41
v
3 Hardened mortar and concrete with fly ash 42
I. JAWED, J. SKALNY, Th. BACH, P. SCHUBERT, J. BIJEN,
H. GRUBE, S. NAGATAKI, H. OHGA and M.A. WARD
3.1 Hydration and strength 42
3.1.1 Effect of fly ash on the hydration of cement
and concrete 42
3.1.2 Pore size distribution 50
3.1.3 Reactions of fly ash in mortars and concrete 5 8
3.1.4 Autogeneous shrinkage 59
3.1.5 Effect of fly ash on strength development of mortars
and concretes 59
3.1.6 Flexural and tensile strength 62
3.1.7 Conclusions 63
3.2 Deformations 64
3.2.1 Deformation behaviour under compressive strength 64
3.2.2 Deformation behaviour in tension 79
3.2.3 Creep 83
3.2.4 Moisture deformation 91
3.2.5 Cracking 103
3.2.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion 103
3.3 Frost resistance 104
3.3.1 Frost attack 104
3.3.2 Frost plus de-icing agents 113
3.3.3 Entrained air 115
3.3.4 Conclusions 116
3.4 Chemical resistance 117
3.4.1 Sulphate attack 117
3.4.2 Attack by other salts and acids 123
3.4.3 General comments on attack of aggressive agents 135
3.4.4 Alkali-aggregate reaction 136
3.5 Carbonation 143
3.5.1 Definition 143
3.5.2 Alkalinity of the pore water 144
3.5.3 Mechanism of carbonation 146
3.5.4 Rate of carbonation 146
3.5.5 Factors affecting carbonation 149
3.5.6 Calculating carbonation 153
3.5.7 Summary 155
3.6 Chloride attack on steel reinforcement 157
3.7 Electrical resistivity 159
vi
4 Other uses of fly ash 160
J. BIJEN, J.P. SKALN Y and E. VAZQUE Z
4.1 Cement 160
4.2 Binders with fly ash 163
4.3 Precast concrete 166
4.4 Bricks and blocks 167
4.4.1 Aerated concrete 167
4.4.2 Foamed concrete 168
4.4.3 Lime-silica bricks 169
4.4.4 Ceramics 170
4.5 Lightweight aggregates 172
4.6 Fly ash in road construction 174
4.7 Fly ash in soil stabilization 175
4.8 Fly ash as asphalt-filler 176
4.9 Fly ash as fill 177
4.10 Waste neutralization and stabilization 177
5 References 179
Appendix 231
RILEM RECOMMENDATIONS
TC FAB-67 USE OF FLY ASH IN BUILDING
Fly ash in concrete - Test methods
FAB 1: Test methods for determining the properties o f fly ash 233
FAB 2: Test methods for determining the properties of fly
ash in concrete 240
Index 243
vii
Preface
RILEM Technical Committee 67-FAB 'Use of Fly Ash in Building' was
constituted in September 1981. Its objectives were:
• to produce a state-of-the-art Report documenting current knowledge
of the properties of fly ash concrete and of the use of fly ash in building;
• to make recommendations on new or modified test methods relating
to the use of fly ash;
• to review research needed in this field and recommend priorities.
There have been four full meetings of the committee:
• 19-22 March, 1982 in Aachen;
• 6-7 June, 1983 in Paris;
• 24-25 September, 1984 in London;
• 22 April, 1986 in Madrid.
Eight Task Groups (TG) were set up to prepare the individual sections
of the Report. The Task Group chairmen are listed i n the committee list
which follows. The results of work in the task groups were reported at the
Second International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag
and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete on 22 April, 1986 in Madrid.
The committee was wound up in October 1986 and an Editorial Grou p
was charged with completion of the Report and the recommendations.
At the time of the Madrid Conference, work in the task groups had
reached a point at which work on the final version the state-of-the-art
Report could begin. It was agreed that Philip Owens should edit the
report. Unfortunately, Mr Owens was compelled to relinquish this tas k a
year later, in April 1987 owing to pressure of work and lack of resources,
and for pesonal reasons. Roughly half the text had been completed. After
an unsuccessful search for other solutions, I took over the task of editing
the report myself. Costs incurred up to that poin t were paid by the German
Research Association (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). All illustra
tions were redrawn and standardized at the institute of Building Research
(Institut fur Bauforschung, ibac) of the University for Technology,
Aachen. The standardization of style and terminology and the preparation
of the camera-ready manuscript were undertaken by a scientific and
technical translation agency in Aachen. Th e costs of this work were
contributed by BauMineral GmbH in Herten, Germany.
This Report collates insights drawn from research results throughout the
world up to 1986, providing a foundation for all future research in the fly
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