Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 4th Edition

2108 Pages·2010·131.85 MB·English

by  Polin

Fetal and Neonatal
PHYSIOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION / VOLUME 1
Richard A. Polin, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
College of Physicians and Surgeons
Columbia University
Director, Division of Neonatology
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York–Presbyterian
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York
William W. Fox, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Neonatology
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Medical Director
Infant Breathing Disorder Center
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Steven H. Abman, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Director, Pediatric Heart Lung Center
The Children’s Hospital
Denver, Colorado
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
Volume 1 PN 9996076350
FETAL AND NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY Volume 2 PN 9996076415
FOURTH EDITION Two-volume set ISBN: 978-1-4160-3479-7
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Previous editions copyrighted 2004, 1998, 1992
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fetal and neonatal physiology / [edited by] Richard A. Polin, William W. Fox,
Steven H. Abman. — 4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-3479-7 (hardcover, 2 v. set : alk. paper) 1. Fetus—
Physiology. 2. Newborn infants—Physiology. I. Polin, Richard A. (Richard
Alan), 1945- II. Fox, William W., 1940- III. Abman, Steven H.
[DNLM: 1. Fetus—physiology. 2. Infant, Newborn—physiology. 3. Maternal-
Fetal Exchange—physiology. WQ 210.5]
RG610.F46 2011
612.6'47—dc23 2011025820
Acquisitions Editor: Judith Fletcher
Developmental Editor: Melissa Dudlick
Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter
Senior Project Manager: Beth Hayes
Project Manager: Louise King
Designer: Louis Forgione
Printed in United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
D
edicated to
Our spouses –
Helene Polin, Laurie Kilpatrick, and Carolyn Abman
Our children –
Allison Polin Steinbrenner, Mitchell Polin, Jessica Moseley,
and Gregory Polin
Will Fox, Jon Fox, James Fox, Lauren Fox, and James Hunt
Ryan Abman, Lauren Abman, Mark Abman,
and Megan Abman
And our grandchildren –
Lindsey Steinbrenner, Eli Steinbrenner, Willa Polin,
Jasper Polin, and Casey Moseley
Sarah Fox, Jane Fox, Charles Fox, Nola Fox, and Colton Fox
CONTRIBUTORS
Soraya Abbasi, MD Richard L. Auten Jr., MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke
School of Medicine; Neonatologist, Division of Neonatology, University, Durham, North Carolina
Pennsylvania Hospital/The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Mechanisms of Neonatal Lung Injury
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mary Ellen Avery, MD, ScD (Hon)
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in the Neonate
Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of Pediatrics, Emeritus, Harvard
S. Lee Adamson, PhD University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston,
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto Massachusetts
Faculty of Medicine; Senior Scientist, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Historical Perspective
Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ellis D. Avner, MD
Regulation of Umbilical Blood Flow
Associate Dean for Research, Professor of Pediatrics and
Anne M. Ades, MD Physiology, Department of Pediatrics (Nephrology), Medical
Associate Medical Director, Newborn/Infant Intensive Care College of Wisconsin; Director, Children’s Research Institute,
Unit, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Children’s Hospital Health System; Attending Physician, Pediatric
Pennsylvania Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital
Developmental Aspects of Pain of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Embryogenesis and Anatomic Development of the Kidney
N. Scott Adzick, MD, MMM
C. Everett Koop Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Department of H. Scott Baldwin, MD
Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Surgeon- Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, Katrina Overall
in-Chief, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, McDonald Professor of Pediatrics, Division Chief of Pediatric
Pennsylvania Cardiology, Vice Chair of Pediatric Laboratory Services,
Pathophysiology of Neural Tube Defects Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
Molecular Determinants of Embryonic Vascular Development
Kurt H. Albertine, PhD, FAAA
Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Associate Dean for Philip L. Ballard, MD, PhD
Faculty Administration, School of Medicine, Director, Research Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University
Microscopy Facility, Health Sciences Center, University of Utah; of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
Editor-in-Chief, The Anatomical Record, Salt Lake City, Utah Hormonal Therapy for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Impaired Lung Growth After Injury in Premature Lung
Eduardo Bancalari, MD
Steven M. Altschuler, MD Professor and Director, Division of Neonatology, Department of
President and Chief Executive Officer, The Children’s Hospital Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Chief,
of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Newborn Service, Department of Pediatrics, Jackson Memorial
Development of the Enteric Nervous System Hospital, Miami, Florida
Pathophysiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Ruben E. Alvaro, MD, FAAP
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Director David J.P. Barker, MD, PhD, FRS
of Neonatology, St. Boniface General Hospital, Director of Professor in Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health and
Sleep Lab, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Science University, Portland, Oregon; Professor of Clinical
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Epidemiology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Control of Breathing in Fetal Life and Onset and Control of Breathing Kingdom
in the Neonate Fetal Origins of Adult Disease
Russell V. Anthony, PhD Damien Bates, MD, PhD
Hill Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado Chief Medical Officer, Organogenesis, Inc., Canton,
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Massachusetts
Angiogenesis Developmental Basis of Congenital Limb Differences
Shankari Arulkumaran, BSc, MB, BS Frederick C. Battaglia, MD
Clinical Research Fellow, Parturition Research Group, Imperial Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at
College Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Reproductive Denver and Health Sciences Center, Perinatal Research Center,
and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Aurora, Colorado
London, United Kingdom Circulatory and Metabolic Changes Accompanying Fetal Growth
Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth Restriction
vii
viii  Contributors
†Karl Bauer, MD Rada Boskovic, MD
Professor, Neonatology, Klinikumder Johann Wolfgang-Goethe Senior Fellow and Clinical Co-Investigator, Division of Clinical
Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Fluid Distribution in the Fetus and Neonate Toronto, Canada
Maternal Drug Abuse: Effects on the Fetus and Neonate
Gary K. Beauchamp, PhD
Director, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Robert D.H. Boyd, MB, FRCP
Development of Taste and Smell in the Neonate Visiting Professor, Department of Maternal and Fetal Health
Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United
Corinne Benchimol, DO
Kingdom
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Mechanisms of Transfer Across the Human Placenta
School of Medicine, New York, New York
Potassium Homeostasis in the Fetus and Neonate Robert A. Brace, PhD
Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon
Laura Bennet, PhD
Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University Fluid Distribution in the Fetus and Neonate
of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Responses of the Fetus and Neonate to Hypothermia Eileen D. Brewer, MD
Renal Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s
Phillip R. Bennett, MD, PhD, FRCOG
Hospital, Houston, Texas
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parturition Research Urinary Acidification
Group, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Institute for
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Delma L. Broussard, MD
Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom Director, Regulatory Affairs International, Merck & Company
Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
Development of the Enteric Nervous System
Robert A. Berg, MD
Division Chief, Critical Care Medicine, Russell Raphaley Laura D. Brown, MD
Endowed Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Instructor, Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver
Care Medicine, Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado
Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Fetal Requirements and Placental Transfer of Nitrogenous
Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Compounds
Developmental Pharmacology of Adrenergic Agents
Douglas G. Burrin, PhD
Melvin Berger, MD, PhD Professor of Pediatrics, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Senior Medical Director, CSL Behring, King of Prussia, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric
Pennsylvania; Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
The Complement System of the Fetus and Newborn Trophic Factors and Regulation of Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
Development
Monica Bhatia, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Blood Bridgette M.P. Byrne, MD, MRCPI, MRCOG
and Marrow Transplantation, Columbia University College Senior Lecturer, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Consultant
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Coombe Women’s Hospital,
Neonatal Neutrophil Normal and Abnormal Physiology Dublin, Ireland
Regulation of Umbilical Blood Flow
Vinod K. Bhutani, MD, FAAP
Professor of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Anne Grete Byskov, MSc, PhD, DSc
Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford, Professor Emeritus, Consultant, Laboratory of Reproductive
California Biology, Rigshospitalet–Copenhagen University Hospital,
Vitamin E Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn Infant Copenhagen, Denmark
Differentiation of the Ovary
Stan R. Blecher, MD, FCCMG
Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mitchell S. Cairo, MD
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and
Genetics of Sex Determination and Differentiation Immunology, and Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical
College; Chief, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell
Arlin B. Blood, PhD
Transplantation, Director, Children’s & Adolescent Cancer and
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood Diseases Center, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital, Valhalla,
Neonatology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University New York
School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California Neonatal Neutrophil Normal and Abnormal Physiology
Perinatal Thermal Physiology
Barbara Cannon, PhD
David L. Bolender, PhD
Professor, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories
Associate Professor, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Brown Adipose Tissue: Development and Function
Wisconsin
Basic Embryology
†Deceased
Contributors  ix
Michael Caplan, MD David H. Chu, MD, PhD
Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Pritzer Staff Physician, Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery,
School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, North Shore Scripps Medical Group, La Jolla, California
University Health System, Chicago, Illinois Structure and Development of Skin and Cutaneous Appendages
Pathophysiology and Prevention of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Robert Ryan Clancy, MD
Luke C. Carey, PhD Professor, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Senior
Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University Physician, Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Development of the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone–Corticotropin Electroencephalography in the Premature and Full-Term Infant
System in the Mammalian Fetus
M. Thomas Clandinin, PhD
Susan E. Carlson, PhD Distinguished Professor of Nutrition, Department of Agricultural
A.J. Rice Professor of Nutrition, Department of Dietetics and Food and Nutritional Science, Professor Emeritus, Alberta
Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Kansas Alberta, Canada
Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Developing Retina and Brain Accretion of Lipid in the Fetus and Newborn
David P. Carlton, MD David A. Clark, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology,
Wisconsin School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Neonatology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
University Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Development of the Gastrointestinal Circulation in the Fetus
Regulation of Liquid Secretion and Absorption by the Fetal and and Newborn
Neonatal Lung
Jane Cleary-Goldman, MD
Pathophysiology of Edema
Maternal Female Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
William J. Cashore, MD Gynecology, New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, New York,
Associate Chief of Pediatrics, Women’s and Infants’ Hospital, New York
Providence, Rhode Island Physiologic Effects of Multiple Pregnancy on Mother and Fetus
Neonatal Bilirubin Metabolism
Ronald I. Clyman, MD
Yang Chai, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Senior Staff, Cardiovascular Research
Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Francisco, San Francisco, California
Regulation of Embryogenesis Mechanisms Regulating Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus
Carol L. Cheatham, MD Susan S. Cohen, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, The University Instructor, Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; of Brown University; Fellow, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine,
Scientist, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode
Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina Island, Providence, Rhode Island
Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Developing Retina and Brain Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Sylvain Chemtob, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FAAP John Colombo, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Director, Schiefelbusch Life Span Institute, Professor, Department
University of Montreal; Neonatologist, Department of Pediatrics, of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Justine; Research Chair, Vision Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Developing Retina and Brain
Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Maisonneuve-
Howard E. Corey, MD
Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Basic Pharmacologic Principles Director, The Children’s Kidney Center of New Jersey, Goryeb
Children’s Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey
Robert L. Chevalier, MD Renal Transport of Sodium During Early Development
David Harrison Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics,
Robert B. Cotton, MD
University of Virginia; Attending Pediatrician, University
of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine,
Functional Development of the Kidney In Utero Nashville, Tennessee
Response to Nephron Loss in Early Development Pathophysiology of Hyaline Membrane Disease (Excluding Surfactant)
Sadhana Chheda, MD Beverly J. Cowart, PhD
Pediatrix Medical Group, El Paso, Texas Monello Chemical Senses, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Immunology of Human Milk and Host Immunity Development of Taste and Smell in the Neonate
Robert D. Christensen, MD Richard M. Cowett, MD, FAAP
Medical Director, Neonatology, Urban North Region, Director of National Medical Director, Neonatal Resource Services,
Neonatology Research, Intermountain Healthcare, Ogden, Utah OptumHealth Care Solutions, United Health Group, Amherst,
Developmental Granulocytopoiesis Massachusetts
Role of Glucoregulatory Hormones in Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
During the Perinatal Period
x  Contributors
Leona Cuttler, MD Kerry McGarr Empey, PharmD, PhD
William T. Dahms Professor of Pediatrics, Director, The Center for Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics,
Child Health and Policy, Division Chief, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Diabetes, and Metabolism, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Neonatal Pulmonary Host Defense
Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion in
Offer Erez, MD
the Fetus and Newborn
Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS; Department
Mary E. D’Alton, MD of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Columbia University, of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
New York, New York Fetal and Maternal Responses to Intrauterine Infection
Physiologic Effects of Multiple Pregnancy on Mother and Fetus
Robert P. Erickson, MD
Enrico Danzer, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona
Fetal Surgery Research Fellow, Center for Fetal Diagnosis and College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
Treatment, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Genetics of Sex Determination and Differentiation
Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children’s
Bulent Erol, MD
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pathophysiology of Neural Tube Defects Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Elmer S. David, MD The Growth Plate: Embryologic Origin, Structure, and Function
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics,
Mohamed Abdelmonem Fahim, PhD
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey
Medical School; University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Professor of Physiology and Director of Medical Sciences,
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
New Jersey Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab
Bile Acid Metabolism During Development Emirates
Functional Development of Respiratory Muscles
Diva D. De León, MD
Leonard G. Feld, MD, PhD, MMM
Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, The
Growth Factor Regulation of Fetal Growth University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill;
Chief Medical Officer, Sara H. Bissell and Howard C. Bissell
Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos, MD Endowed Chair in Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Levine
Professor of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Obstetrics and Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North
Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine; Chief, Carolina
Division of Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine, St. Christopher’s Renal Transport of Sodium During Early Development
Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Miguel Feldman, MD
Oxygen Transport and Delivery
Director of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hillel-Iaffe Medical
Raye-Ann Odegaard deRegnier, MD Center, Hadera and Raanana, Israel
Attending Physician, Neonatology, Marion Robinson Heise Accretion of Lipid in the Fetus and Newborn
PhD Chair in Neonatal Development, Associate Professor
Ronaldo P. Ferraris, PhD
of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Professor, Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, and
Fetal and Neonatal Iron Metabolism Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Newark; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University,
Thomas G. Diacovo, MD Cook College, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Bile Acid Metabolism During Development
Director of Neonatal Research, Columbia University Medical
Douglas G. Field, MD
Center, New York, New York
Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University
College of Medicine; Attending, Department of Pediatrics,
George A. Diaz, MD, PhD Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition,
Associate Professor, Department of Genetics and Genomic Pennsylvania State Children’s Hospital, Milton S. Hershey
Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
Medicine, New York, New York Fetal and Neonatal Intestinal Motility
Advances in Molecular Genetics: Developmental and Clinical
Delbert A. Fisher, MD
Implications
Vice President, Science & Innovation, Nichols Institute, Quest
Chris J. Dickinson, MD Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, California
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology
Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Jennifer Frances, MD
Development of Gastric Secretory Function
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of
John P. Dormans, MD, FACS Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of The Growth Plate: Embryologic Origin, Structure, and Function
Pennsylvania; Chief, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Growth Plate: Embryologic Origin, Structure, and Function
Contributors  xi
Hans-Georg Frank, MD Lucy R. Green, BSc, PhD
Privatdozent, Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital, Reader in Developmental Physiology, Institute of Developmental
University of Technology Aachen, Aachen, Germany Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Placental Development Kingdom
Developmental Effects on Fetal Circulation
Philippe S. Friedlich, MD, MS Epi, MBA
Associate Professor of Pediatrics & Surgery, USC Division Adda Grimberg, MD
of Neonatal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine; Section Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University
Head, CHLA Operations; Medical Director, Newborn & Infant of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Scientific Director,
Critical Care Unit, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Diagnostic and Research Growth Center, Division of Pediatric
California Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Pathophysiology of Shock in the Fetus and Neonate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in the Fetus and Neonate Hypothalamus: Neuroendometabolic Center
Aaron L. Friedman, MD Justin C. Grindley, PhD
Vice President for Health Sciences, Dean, University Research Instructor, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
Transport of Amino Acids During Early Development Molecular Determinants of Embryonic Vascular Development
Joshua R. Friedman, MD, PhD Ian Gross, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine;
and Nutrition, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Director, Newborn Special Care Unit, Yale New Haven Children’s
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
Pennsylvania Hormonal Therapy for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux
M. Brad Guffey, MD
Marianne Garland, MB, ChB Instructor, Medicine and Pediatrics, Adult and Pediatric Infectious
Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Columbia University College Diseases, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Zambia;
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Drug Distribution in Fetal Life Host Defense Mechanisms Against Viruses
Michael K. Georgieff, MD Jean-Pierre Guignard, MD
Vice Chair and Martin Lenz Harrison Land Grant Professor, Honorary Professor of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Medical
Director, Division of Neonatology, Director, Center for School, Lausanne, Switzerland
Neurobehavioral Development, Department of Pediatrics, Postnatal Development of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates
University of Minnesota; Director and Neonatologist,
Alistair Jan Gunn, MBChB, PhD
Department of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Amplatz
Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota Head, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland;
Fetal and Neonatal Iron Metabolism Pediatrician, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Starship
Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Peter D. Gluckman, KNZM, FRS, FMedSc, FRSNZ Responses of the Fetus and Neonate to Hypothermia
University Distinguished Professor, Liggins Institute, The
Gabriel G. Haddad, MD
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Program
Director, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of
Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore California San Diego, La Jolla; Physician-in-Chief and Chief
Growth Hormone and Prolactin Scientific Officer, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego,
California
Armond S. Goldman, MD Basic Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing and Response to Hypoxia
Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas
J. Nathan Hagstrom, MD
Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
Immunology of Human Milk and Host Immunity Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of
Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children’s
Roberto Ariel Gomez, MD Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
Harrison Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Biology, Developmental Hemostasis
Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health Sciences
J. Nina Ham, MD
Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
Development of the Renin-Angiotensin System Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and
Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Francesca Gotsch, MD Growth Factor Regulation of Fetal Growth
Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda,
K. Michael Hambidge, MD, ScD
Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
Fetal and Maternal Responses to Intrauterine Infection Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University
of Colorado; Staff Pediatrician, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition,
Denis M. Grant, PhD The Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado
Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zinc in the Fetus and Neonate
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Pharmacogenetics
xii  Contributors
Margit Hamosh, PhD Kurt Hirschhorn, MD
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
School of Medicine, former Chief, Division of Developmental New York, New York
Biology and Nutrition, Georgetown University Medical Center, Advances in Molecular Genetics: Developmental and Clinical
Washington, District of Columbia Implications
Human Milk Composition and Function in the Infant
Steven B. Hoath, MD
Mark A. Hanson, MA, DPhil Professor of Pediatrics-Neonatology, University of Cincinnati
Director, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, College of Medicine; Medical Director, Skin Sciences Program,
University of Southampton; Professor of Cardiovascular Science, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
British Heart Foundation, Southampton, United Kingdom Physiologic Development of the Skin
Developmental Effects on Fetal Circulation
Stuart B. Hooper, PhD
Richard Harding, PhD, DSc Professor and Principal Research Fellow, The Ritchie Centre,
Professorial Fellow, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University,
Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Melbourne; Professor and Principal Research Fellow,
Physiologic Mechanisms of Normal and Altered Lung Growth Before Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University,
and After Birth Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Physiologic Mechanisms of Normal and Altered Lung Growth Before
Olga T. Hardy, MD
and After Birth
Division of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Tracy E. Hunley, MD
Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemia Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Monroe
Mary Catherine Harris, MD
Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Department Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure in the Neonatal Period
of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Medicine; Senior Attending Physician, Newborn Intensive Shahid M. Husain, MD
Care Unit, Division of Neonatology, The Children’s Hospital Senior Lecturer and Honorary, Consultant Neonatologist, Centre
of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for Pediatrics, Barts and The London School of Medicine and
Cytokines and Inflammatory Response in the Fetus and Neonate Dentistry; Neonatal Unit, Homerton University Hospital, London,
United Kingdom
Musa A. Haxhiu, MD, PhD
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Transport Across the Placenta
Director, Developmental Lung Neurobiology Laboratories, Case
Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies Susan M. Hutson, MD
& Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Professor, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise,
Regulation of Lower Airway Function Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia
Vitamin K Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate
William W. Hay, Jr., MD
Professor, Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University Machiko Ikegami, MD, PhD
of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial,
Fetal Requirements and Placental Transfer of Nitrogenous Cincinnati, Ohio
Compounds Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Surfactant
Metabolism
William C. Heird, MD
Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Terrie E. Inder, MD, MBChB
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism and Requirements St. Louis; Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children’s Hospital,
St. Louis, Missouri
Emilio Herrera, PhD
Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Neonate
Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculties of
Pharmacy and Medicine, University of San Pablo–CEU, Madrid, John Lynn Jefferies, MD, MPH
Spain Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of
Maternal-Fetal Transfer of Lipid Metabolites Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
Cardiomyopathies in Infants and Children
Harry R. Hill, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Alan H. Jobe, MD, PhD
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s
Host Defense Mechanisms Against Bacteria Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
Antenatal Factors That Influence Postnatal Lung Development
A. Craig Hillemeier, MD
and Injury
Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Surfactant
State University College of Medicine; Vice Dean for Clinical Metabolism
Affairs and Medical Director, Pennsylvania State Children’s Surfactant Treatment
Hospital, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey,
Pennsylvania Lois H. Johnson, MD
Fetal and Neonatal Intestinal Motility Section on Newborn Pediatrics, Pennsylvania Hospital,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Vitamin E Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn Infant