Table Of ContentEMELBORPREPROKTSEF
ADVANCES NI SOLID STATE PHYSICS 26
retlaW Schottky
dlefzterP( )1691
REPRJ(KTSEF
EMELBORP
SECNAVDA NI
DILOS ETATS
SCISYHP 62
Plenary Lectures of the Divisions
"Semiconductor Physics"
"Dynamics dna Statistical Mechanics"
"Low Temperature Physics"
"Magnetism"
"Metal Physics"
"Thin Films"
"Surface "'scisyhP
"Vacuum Technology"
of the German Physical Society (DPG)
Freudenstadt, April 7... 11,1986
Edited by
.P ,essorG Aachen
With 223 Figures
.rdeirF Vieweg & Sohn Braunschweig / Wiesbaden
ISSN 0430-3393
All rights reserved
(cid:14)9 F riedr. Vieweg & Sohn tfahcsUesegsgalreV mbH, Braunschweig 1986
No trmp fo this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,
without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Set by Vieweg, Braunschweig
Printed by Lengericher Handetsdruckerei, Lengerich
Bound by .W Langeliiddeeke, Braunschweig
Cover design: B~rbara Seebohm, Braunschweig
ISBN 3-528-08032-9
In memoriam Walter Schottky
Foreword
The year 1986 is the 100th anniversary of Walter Schottky's birth. In this volume
O.Madelung has delivered a commemorative address on Walter Schottky, who had
initiated this book series in 1953, at that time called "Halbleiterprobleme". He was
the editor of the f~rst four volumes. In addition he was the trst chairman of the
new subdivision "Halbleiterausschut~" - also founded in spring 1953 - of the
German Physical Society. This has been the origin of the modern structure of our
society: the organization in subdivisions, called "Fachausschtisse".
The first volumes show the spirit of Walter Schottky: he was the author of many
original contributions and has written many comments on the contributions of the
other authors. His concept was to edit a series of books which could serve as a
compendium in modern semiconductor physics and technology. For this purpose
he looked for authors willing to prepare papers by which the other members of the
subdivision could be informed and introduced in the quickly developing field. He
trusted in his books not to become obsolete too fast.
I hope the following editors will hold Schottky's estate well - I know they have
done their best so far: they have never forgotten Walter Schottky's idea to integrate
semiconductor physics and technology in the work of our subdivision. On the other
hand we know about the fact that the tremendous progress in semiconductor
technology allows our subdivision only to cover a very narrow sector during our
annual meeting.
The second contribution to this volume is dedicated to the Quantum Hall Effect.
G. Landwehr reports on K.v.Klitzing's hard and consequent work up to the time
when he was awarded the Nobel prize. K.v.Klitzing gave an outline of his effect in
this series on volume XXI, when he obtained the .W Schottky prize in 1981.
The winner of the .W Schottky prize of 1986 is G. Abstreiter. His contribution to
this volume concerns the diagnostics of the 2-dimensional electron gas by light-
scattering methods.
In the next three papers topics are considered in which .W Schottky has been
engaged, too: excitons, lattice defects in semiconductors, and the Schottky-contact.
These papers are presented as a retrospect on Schottky's scientific work and its
present actuality.
Further articles of the volume report on the impact of methods of statistical
mechanics on the physics of condensed matter: an introduction to the importance
of fractat structures, an article on Monte-Carlo calculations to explain phase
diagrams of alloys, and another one about macroscopic quantum phenomena as
observed in Josephson-junctions.
V
The contribution of E.Haller is dedicated to another birthday celebrant of 1986:
100 years ago the element Germanium was discoverd, one of the most important
semiconductor materials, the "father of silicon". Its renaissance today is due to
the fact that ultrapure material is available now. - H. Krenn reports upon a sophis-
ticated memory mechanism to establish the light-induced magnetization in semi-
magnetic semiconductors.
Three papers concern the physics and application of heterostructures: the electronic
structure near the chemical discontinuities, optical methods to diagnose profiles of
inhomogeneities, and another one the electron transport in those structures.
The last three contributions deal with applications of semiconductors. E. Sch611 has
analysed origin and rise of field domains and current filaments in hot electron
systems by methods of non-linear dynamics. .W Richter reports upon the mechanisms
of the Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition technique (MOCVD), a procedure
in competition with the Molecular-Beam Epitaxy (MBE) in preparing III-V hetero-
structures. The very last paper is again presented in memoriam Walter Schottky:
R. Sittig discusses the application of semiconductors in high-power devices, a field
also covered by Schottky's interest in engineering problems.
This year the annual spring meeting of the "Arbeitskreis Festkrrperphysik" of the
German Physical Society was organized together with the Dutch Physical Society
(Nederlandse Natuurkundige Vereniging, NNV) and the Austrian Physical Society
(0sterreichische Physikalische Gesellschaft, OPG). eW thank our European neigh-
bouts for their active and passive collaboration. They are always welcome to us,
Moreover we thank very much the local organizing committee: Dr, H, Hinsch and his
coworkers.
The editor of this volume wants to thank all the authors for their collaboration at
the conference and their effort in preparing the manuscripts. Especially this year
they have been in time! I thank the publisher, in particular Mr. B. Gondesen, for the
extraordinary and kind team-work, and Mr. E. Gerlach for reading the manuscripts
during the conference. Most of all I thank Mr. J. Brunn. He has assisted me in
editing the volume right from the beginning up to the very end as a lector, a cor-
rector, and an advisor. I think, also the authors are obliged to thank him for his
accurate and continual engagement.
Aachen, June 1986 Peter Grosse
VI
Contents
Otfried Madelung
Walter Schottky (1886-1976) ................................
Gottfried Landwehr
The Discovery of the Quantum Hall Effect ........................ 17
drahreG A bstreiter
Light Scattering in Novel Layered Semiconductor Structures ............ 41
Hermann Haken
Excitons and the Electronic Polarization in Semiconductors ............ 55
Wine, led hcnOM
On the Present Understanding of Schottky Contacts ................. 67
hcirlU .M G6sele
Point Defects and Diffusion Mechanisms in Crystalline Semiconductors ..... 89
Armin Bunde
Physics on Fractal Structures ................................. 113
Kurt Binder
Calculation of Phase Diagrams for Models of Metallic Alloys ............ 133
Francisco Guinea, Gerd nOhcS
Bloch Oscillations and the Dissipative Phase Transition in
Josephson Junctions ...................................... 169
Heinz Krenn
Light Induced Magnetization in Semiconductors .................... 183
Eugene E. Hailer
Semiconductor Physics in Ultra-Pure Germanium ................... 203
VII
Giinter Weimann
Transport Properties of Semiconductor Heterostruetures .............. 231
Helmut Heinrich, Jerzy .M Langer
Band Offsets in Heterostructures .............................. 251
Franz Rudolf Kefller
Optics with Gradients of Free Carrier Concentration ................. 277
Eckehard SchdU
Instabilities in Semiconductors: Domains, Filaments, Chaos ............ 309
gnagfloW Richter
Physics of Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition ................ 335
Michael Stoisiek, Roland Sittig
Power Thyristors Using IC-Technology .......................... 361
VIII
emelborprepr6ktseF XXVt (1986)
retlaW ykttehcS (1886-1976)
Otfried gnuledaM
Fachbereich Physik der Universit~t Marburg, D-3550 Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
In this year we celebrate the 1OOth anniversary of Walter Schottky's birth. We
honour Walter Schottky as an outstanding personality, as a physicist whose contri-
butions have influenced many fields of physics - from basic understanding to
applications -, as a man whose kindness and charm will be unforgettable to all
which have known him. The editors of the "Advances in Solid State Physics" recall
with thankfulness the foundation of this series by Walter Schottky in 1954.
Walter Schottky was born in Zurich, Switzerland, on the 23th of July 1886. His
father, Friedrich Schottky, was a well-known mathematician. Born in Breslau in
1851 Friedrich Schottky got his Ph.D. in 1875 and worked with Weierstrag on
the theory of functions. He became associate professor for higher mathematics at
the polytechnical university in Zurich in 1882, full professor for mathematics at the
Marburg university in 1892. In 1902 he got a professorship at the university of Ber-
lin.
Walter Schottky had a happy childhood (Fig. 1). Diary notes from the Marburg
time show the picture of a boy interested in many fields, challenged by the school
and by his parents. An interest in physics was already evident. At an age of 14 years
he constructed an induction apparatus, a battery ("Zellenelement"), and made
experiments with Geissler tubes. With the same weight he reported about making
and developing photographs, about tennis, walking, mushroom collecting, about
literature, languages, and other interests. In the followingyearshis interest in physics
seemed to decrease. About mathematical schoolwork he wrote that he had little
interest in formulae. In 1902 he moved with his parents to Berlin. In 1904 he
graduated from school with an excellent evaluation. It certifies him a uniform
interest in all subjects.
There are no sources which show the motivations for his choice to study physics.
He seems to have turned his interest early to theoretical physics. He attended the
six-term cycle on theoretical physics given by Max Planck and lectures of Einstein,
Nernst, and many others of the well-known physicists who taught at the Berlin
university at the beginning of our century. Max Planck became his dissertation
advisor. Fig. 2 shows Walter Schottky as a student. On the 10th of February 1912
the Ph.D. candidate Walter Schottky received a notice from the proctor of the
Royal Friedrich-Wilhelm University at Berlin with the order to appear "in tail-coat
with white tie" for the oral doctor examination with professors Planck, Erdmann,
Rubens, and Frobenius (Fig. 3). One tells that difficulties with the philosopher
prevented a "'summa cure laurie".
Fig. 1 Friedrich Schottky with his family, Marburg 1902. Walter Sehottky: third from left.
Fig. 2
Walter Schottky, Berlin 1912
