Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics

383 Pages·2020·43.329 MB·\383

by  Je-Chin Han (Author), Lesley M. Wright (Author)

Experimental Methods
in Heat Transfer
and Fluid Mechanics

Experimental Methods
in Heat Transfer
and Fluid Mechanics
Je-Chin Han and Lesley M. Wright
Mechanical Engineering Department
Texas A&M University
First edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.
com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9780367897925 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781003021179 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
eResource material is available for this title at https://www.crcpress.com/9780367897925.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Authors ...................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation Heat Transfer ...............1
1.1.1 Conduction .......................................................................1
1.1.2 Convection .......................................................................4
1.1.3 Radiation........................................................................10
1.2 Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics ....12
Problems .............................................................................................15
References ..........................................................................................15
Chapter 2 Velocity and Flow Rate Measurements ..............................................17
2.1 Pressure Measurements .............................................................17
First edition published 2020 2.1.1 Pressure Units and Quantities .......................................17
by CRC Press 2.1.2 Static Pressure Probes ...................................................18
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
2.1.3 Total and Static Pressure Probes ...................................19
and by CRC Press 2.2 Velocity Measurements .............................................................22
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
2.2.1 Manometers ...................................................................22
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2.2.2 Pressure Transducers .....................................................25
2.2.3 Velocity Calculations .....................................................28
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2.3 Flow Rate Measurements ..........................................................30
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher 2.3.1 Differential Pressure Meters .........................................30
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
2.3.2 Force Meters ..................................................................32
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any 2.3.3 Flow Rate Calculations ..................................................34
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any 2.3.4 Experiment Examples....................................................36
future reprint.
Problems .............................................................................................39
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, References ..........................................................................................40
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers. Chapter 3 Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements .......................................41
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright. 3.1 Temperature Measurements ......................................................41
com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
3.1.1 Thermal Expansion Temperature Sensors .....................41
978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
3.1.2 Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors ...................43
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
3.2 Thermocouple Thermometry ....................................................45
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
3.2.1 Fundamental Principles for Thermocouples .................46
ISBN: 9780367897925 (hbk)
3.2.2 Typical Thermocouple Fabrication and Calibration ......49
ISBN: 9781003021179 (ebk)
3.2.3 Error Estimate in Temperature Measurements .............54
Typeset in Times 3.2.3.1 Lead Wire Model ...........................................54
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
3.2.4 High Velocity Gas Temperature Measurements ............59
eResource material is available for this title at https://www.crcpress.com/9780367897925.
v
vi Contents
3.3 Heat Flux Measurements ...........................................................62
3.3.1 Power Sources with Meters ...........................................62
3.3.2 Typical Heaters for Various Applications......................63
3.3.3 Error Estimate in Heat Flux Measurements ..................64
Problems .............................................................................................65
References ..........................................................................................69
Chapter 4 Experimental Planning and Analysis of Results ................................71
4.1 Experimental Planning ..............................................................71
4.1.1 Literature Survey and Equipment Identification ...........71
4.1.2 Test Section Design, Fabrication, and
Instrumentation .............................................................71
4.1.2.1 Flow Measurement .........................................73
4.1.2.2 Experimental Methods and Measurement
Techniques ......................................................74
4.1.2.3 Heater Power Specifications ...........................74
4.1.2.4 Heater Power Estimations ..............................75
4.1.3 Test Facility Calibrations and Measurements ...............77
4.2 Analysis of Results ....................................................................78
4.2.1 Data Reduction and Uncertainty Analysis ....................79
4.2.1.1 Overall Uncertainty Based on
the Second Power Equation in a
Single-Sample Experiment .............................79
4.2.1.2 Generalization ................................................82
4.2.1.3 The Uncertainty Based on the Precision
Limit and the Bias Limit ................................83
4.2.1.4 Test Uncertainty Performance Test Code .......85
4.2.2 Results Comparisons and Conclusions ..........................85
Problems .............................................................................................86
References ..........................................................................................89
Chapter 5 Steady-State Heat Transfer Measurement Techniques .......................91
5.1 Introduction and Measurement Theory .....................................91
5.1.1 Fundamental Measurement Theory for Internal
Flows .............................................................................92
5.1.2 Fundamental Measurement Theory for External
Flows .............................................................................94
5.2 Steady-State, Overall Average Heat Transfer Measurement
Technique ..................................................................................96
5.2.1 Single Copper Plate with Heater and Thermocouples ...96
5.2.2 Experiment Example .....................................................96
5.2.2.1 Mass Flow Rate Calculation ..........................98
5.2.2.2 Heat Loss Calibration (Raw Data) .................99
Contents vii
5.2.2.3 Heat Transfer Enhancement (Raw Data) ........99
5.2.2.4 Heat Transfer Enhancement Data
Reduction .....................................................100
5.3 Steady-State, Regional Average Heat Transfer
Measurement Technique .........................................................104
5.3.1 Multiple Copper Plates with Heaters and
Thermocouples ............................................................104
5.3.2 Experiment Example ...................................................105
5.3.2.1 Background and Introduction to
Experiment ...................................................105
5.3.2.2 Mass Flow Rate Calculation ........................106
5.3.2.3 Heat Loss Calibration (Raw Data) ...............107
5.3.2.4 Heat Transfer Enhancement (Raw Data) ......108
5.3.2.5 Heat Transfer Enhancement Data
Reduction .....................................................110
5.3.2.6 Frictional Losses (Raw Data) .......................116
5.3.2.7 Frictional Losses Data Reduction ................117
5.4 Steady-State, Local Heat Transfer Measurement
Technique ................................................................................121
5.4.1 Thin Foil Heaters with Thermocouples .......................121
5.4.2 Experiment Example ...................................................123
5.4.2.1 Background and Introduction to
Experiment ...................................................123
5.4.2.2 Freestream Velocity Calculation ..................124
5.4.2.3 Acquired Experimental Data (Heat Loss
and Convective Heat Transfer Data).............125
5.4.2.4 Airfoil Heat Transfer Coefficient
Distributions .................................................127
5.4.2.5 Additional References ..................................129
Problems ...........................................................................................130
References ........................................................................................137
Chapter 6 Time Dependent Heat Transfer Measurement Techniques ..............139
6.1 Introduction and Measurement Theory ...................................139
6.2 Transient Lumped Capacitance Measurement Technique ......140
6.2.1 Fundamental Principle ................................................140
6.2.2 Implementation of Lumped Capacitance Using
Thermocouples ............................................................143
6.2.3 Experiment Example ...................................................143
6.3 Transient Heat Flux Measurements for Local Heat
Transfer Coefficients ...............................................................149
6.3.1 Fundamental Principle ................................................149
6.3.2 Thin Film Heat Flux Gauges .......................................152
6.3.3 Experiment Example ...................................................155
viii Contents
6.4 Transient Techniques for Measurement of Detailed Heat
Transfer Coefficients ...............................................................157
6.4.1 Fundamental Principle ................................................157
6.4.2 One-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction with
Surface Convection ......................................................159
6.4.3 Experiment Example ...................................................160
Problems ...........................................................................................162
References ........................................................................................169
Chapter 7 Liquid Crystal Thermography Techniques ......................................171
7.1 Measurement Theory ..............................................................171
7.1.1 Liquid Crystal Thermography Overview ....................171
7.1.2 Liquid Crystal Thermography Calibration ..................173
7.2 Steady-State Local Heat Transfer Coefficient
Measurement ..........................................................................174
7.2.1 Fundamental Principal ................................................174
7.2.2 Yellow-Band Tracking Technique ...............................175
7.2.3 Experiment Example ...................................................176
7.3 Steady-State Detailed Heat Transfer Measurement
Techniques ...............................................................................176
7.3.1 Fundamental Principal ................................................176
7.3.2 Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) Technique ..................176
7.4 Transient Detailed Heat Transfer Measurement Technique ....181
7.4.1 Transient HSI Technique .............................................181
7.4.2 Transient Single-Color Capturing Technique ..............181
7.4.3 Experiment Example ...................................................183
7.4.3.1 Background Information and Heat
Transfer Theory ............................................183
7.4.3.2 Heat Transfer Measurement with
Time-Dependent Mainstream
Temperature .................................................184
7.4.3.3 Film Cooling Effectiveness ..........................184
Problems ...........................................................................................194
References ........................................................................................199
Chapter 8 Optical Thermography Techniques ..................................................201
8.1 Infrared Thermography (IR) Technique .................................201
8.2 Fundamental Principle ............................................................203
8.3 Steady-State, Infrared Thermography Technique ...................205
8.4 Transient, Infrared Thermography Technique ........................206
8.5 Experiment Example ...............................................................207
Problems ...........................................................................................217
References ........................................................................................221
Contents ix
Chapter 9 Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) and Temperature-Sensitive Paint
(TSP) Techniques .............................................................................223
9.1 Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) Technique ............................223
9.1.1 Fundamental Principal ............................................223
9.1.2 PSP for Pressure Measurement ...............................224
9.1.3 PSP for Film Cooling Measurement ........................228
9.1.4 Experiment Example ...............................................229
9.2 Temperature-Sensitive Paint (TSP) Technique ......................243
9.2.1 Fundamental Principle ............................................243
9.2.2 Steady-State TSP Technique ...................................246
9.2.3 Transient TSP Technique .........................................246
9.2.4 Experiment Example ...............................................247
Problems ...........................................................................................255
References ........................................................................................260
Chapter 10 Mass Transfer Analogy Measurement Techniques ..........................263
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................263
10.2 Naphthalene Sublimation for Heat/Mass Transfer
Measurements ........................................................................264
10.2.1 Fundamental Principal ............................................264
10.2.2 Experiment Example ...............................................269
10.3 Foreign Gas Concentration Sampling Technique ..................274
10.3.1 Fundamental Principle ............................................274
10.4 Ammonia-Diazo Technique ..................................................275
10.4.1 Fundamental Principle ............................................275
10.4.2 Experiment Example ...............................................275
Problems ...........................................................................................278
References ........................................................................................284
Chapter 11 Flow and Thermal Field Measurement Techniques .........................287
11.1 Miniature Five-Hole and Seven-Hole Probes ........................287
11.1.1 Fundamental Principles of Multiple-Hole Probes ...288
11.1.2 Methods for Using the Five-Hole Probe ..................290
11.1.3 Experiment Example ...............................................291
11.1.3.1 Fast Response Probes for Flow
Measurements in Turbomachinery ..........294
11.2 Hot Wire Anemometry ..........................................................294
11.2.1 Fundamental Principles of Hot Wire Probes ...........295
11.2.2 Hot Wire Calibration—Constant Temperature
Anemometer (CTA) .................................................298
11.2.3 Experiment Example ...............................................305