Evidence-Based Management of Complex Knee Injuries: Restoring the Anatomy to Achieve Best Outcomes

478 Pages·2020·97.649 MB·English

by  Jorge Chahla, Robert F. LaPrade

Preface
This textbook represents a comprehensive overview of the diag- the potential secondary stabilizers that can be affected and that can
nosis, workup, and anatomical-based treatment of a vast number result in pathological increase in motion. Finally, treating these inju-
of complex knee pathologies. Many of these pathologies echo the ries in a timely manner with anatomical based reconstructions that
famous words of the Father of Sports Medicine, Jack Hughston, are biomechanically and clinically validated (when indicated) will
MD, who noted that many of these problems see you, but you do aid in maximizing the chances for a successful outcome. This is what
not necessarily see them. allows one to become a successful complex knee surgeon.
Of course, all complex knee pathologies circle back to one’s The authors have worked hard to provide an internationally-
knowledge of anatomy and the ability to perform a comprehensive based group of stellar orthopaedic surgeons to develop the chap-
physical examination. Along with this knowledge, it is important to ters and provide a focused overview of the basics and high-level
recognize the biomechanical function of each individual anatomic background to allow one to improve their knowledge base in
structure, both statically and dynamically, so that when a problem is complex knee injuries. We hope that you find this textbook to be
identified, one can develop a comprehensive differential diagnosis of stimulating and a resource for many years to come.
xi
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BOOK
Evidence-Based Management of Complex
Knee Injuries
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Dedication and Acknowledgments
1. 1.Comprehensive Clinical Examination
2. 2.Plain Radiography of the Knee
3. 3.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee : Conventional and Novel Techniques
4. 4.Computed Tomography of the Knee Joint : Indications and Significance
5. 5.Mechanical Malalignment of the Knee Joint : How and When to Address
6. 6.Anterior Cruciate Ligament
7. 7.Posterior Cruciate Ligament
8. 8.Repair and Reconstruction of the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament and
the Posteromedial Corner
9. 9.Posterolateral Corner of the Knee
10. 10.Anterolateral Ligament and the Anterolateral Corner
11. 11.Multiligament Knee Injuries
12. 12.Arthroscopic Primary Repair of the Cruciate Ligaments
13. 13.Meniscal Pathology : Meniscus Anatomy
14. 14.Meniscus Biomechanics
15. 15.Meniscal Tears : Meniscectomy Versus Repair
16. 16.Meniscal Root Tears
17. 17.Meniscal Radial Tears
18. 18.Meniscal Ramp Lesions
19. 19.Meniscus Deficiency and Meniscal Transplants
20. 20.Synthetic Meniscal Substitutes
21. 21.A Basic Science Understanding of Cartilage Repair and Its Clinical Application
22. 22.Focal Chondral Injuries
23. 23.OCD Injuries in the Paediatric and Adult Population
24. 24.How to Manage the Active Patient with Osteoarthritis: : Biological Approaches
25. 25.Osteonecrosis of the Knee
26. 26.Patellofemoral Anatomy and Its Surgical Implications
27. 27.Treatment Algorithm in Patellofemoral Disorders : ‘Le Menu à la Carte’
28. 28.Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomies
29. 29.Pathological Torsion of the Lower Limb
30. 30.Lateral Patellar Instability: : Diagnosis, Treatment Algorithm, Conservative
Approaches, Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, Rehabilitation and Future
Directions
31. 31.Medial Patellar Instability : Primary and Iatrogenic
32. 32.Trochleoplasty
33. 33.Injuries of the Patellar Tendon
34. 34.Quadriceps Tendon Injuries
35. 35.Knee Arthrofibrosis : How to Prevent and How to Treat
36. 36.The Paediatric Knee
37. 37.Miscellaneous Complex Pathological Conditions of the Knee
38. 38.Intraoperative Management : Anaesthesia, Tourniquet, Tranexamic Acid,
Blood Loss and Fluid Management
39. 39.Preparing the Surgical Team for a Quick and Efficient Procedure
40. 40.Postoperative Management
41. 41.Postoperative Rehabilitation Concepts
Elsevier
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EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX KNEE INJURIES: RESTORING
THE ANATOMY TO ACHIEVE BEST OUTCOMES ISBN: 978-0-323-71310-8
Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Dedication and Acknowledgments
I would first like to dedicate this textbook to my family (my wife To my always supportive wife, Isolina, who bravely took care of
Sandy and my sons Chris, Matt, and Jeff) and acknowledge their both our daughters (Martina and Sofia) so I could work on this
patience and support through the years as I worked to develop book at nights and over weekends. Martina and Sofia, you both
improved ways to treat patients with complex knee injuries. I have changed the definition of happiness in my life, this book and
would also like to acknowledge my parents (Roland and Dorothy) everything I do goes to both you. To my first and most important
for providing me with your shining examples that hard work pays mentors in life, my father Jorge and my mother Graciela, I owe
off and support as you raised and encouraged me as an inquisitive you more than I can express in words.
child. I would also like to acknowledge my friend and main ortho- To my career mentors, from Universidad Nacional de Tucuman,
paedic mentor, Lars Engebretsen MD, PhD, for his unwavering Hospital Britanico de Buenos Aires, The Steadman Clinic, Cedars
support throughout the past 25 years. Sinai Kerlan Jobe Institute and Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush.
I would also like to acknowledge my many friends and col- I thank each person of that path for making me a better physician.
leagues who have collaborated on the hundreds of peer reviewed A special thanks to my coeditor and friend Rob for your mentor-
publications which comprised the many parts of the “research ship and friendship throughout the years
pyramid” where we built the base of the pyramid with quantita- Last, but not least, to all authors of this book. We know how
tive anatomy and biomechanics studies, advanced to the next level much time and commitment it takes to write a chapter with the
with improved means to diagnose pathologies and animal models dedication and proficiency that is needed to shape book chapters.
to assess the natural history of the pathology, built the next level
with biomechanical analyses of anatomical-based reconstructions Jorge Chahla
or repairs, and finally set the top of the pyramid with clinical out-
comes studies which validated our work. There are over 100 so
I cannot list them all, but, in particular, Jorge Chahla is a great
friend and has an extremely productive future ahead of him and it
was a pleasure to work with him on this book compilation.
And finally, I would like to acknowledge the thousands of
patients who had the confidence to put their faith in a young phy-
sician with new ideas on how to fix their problems and through
their confidence in me allowed us over the past two decades to
develop many new and improved ways to treat complex knee
pathologies.
Robert F. LaPrade
xii
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List of Contributors
Ferran Abat, MD, PhD Charles H. Brown Jr., MD
Medical Director, Director,
Sport Orthopaedic Department, International Knee and Joint Centre,
ReSport Clinic Barcelona; Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Ramon Llull University,
Barcelona, Spain Alissa J. Burge, MD
Assistant Attending Radiologist,
Michelle E. Arakgi, MSc, MD Director of Fellowship Research,
Clinical Fellow, Department of Radiology & Imaging,
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Assistant Scientist, MRI Laboratory,
Western University, Hospital for Special Surgery,
London, ON, Canada Assistant Professor of Radiology,
Weill Cornell Medical College,
Elizabeth A. Arendt, MD New York, NY, USA
Professor,
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Robert A. Burnett III, MD
University of Minnesota, Orthopedic Surgery Resident,
Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Division of Sports Medicine,
Erin C. Argentieri, BS Rush University Medical Center,
Senior Lead Research Specialist, Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Radiology and Imaging,
Hospital for Special Surgery, Jourdan M. Cancienne, MD
New York, NY, USA Clinical Fellow,
Department of Orthopedics,
Douglas W. Bartels, MD Division of Sports Medicine,
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Rush University Medical Center,
Mayo Clinic, Chicago, IL, USA
Rochester, MN, USA
Jorge Chahla, MD, PhD
Charles A. Baumann, BS Complex Knee and Hip Surgeon,
Medical Student, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush;
University of Missouri School of Medicine, Assistant Professor,
University of Missouri, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Columbia, MO, USA Rush University Medical Center,
Chicago, IL, USA
Alexander Beletsky, BA
Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Brian Chilelli, MD
Rush University Medical Center, Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Chicago, IL, USA Northwestern Medicine,
Warrenville, IL, USA
Sanjeev Bhatia, MD
Hip and Knee Joint Preservation Center, Melissa A. Christino, MD
Northwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital, Division of Sports Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Warrenville, IL, USA Boston Children’s Hospital,
Harvard Medical School,
Tatum W. Braun, BS Boston, MA, USA
Department of Radiology and Imaging,
Hospital for Special Surgery,
New York, NY, USA
v
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vi List of Contributors
Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA Gregory S. DiFelice, MD
Associate Chairman and Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Service,
Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Rush University Medical Center, Hospital for Special Surgery,
Chicago, IL, USA Weill Medical College of Cornell University,
New York, NY, USA
Andrew J. Cosgarea, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michael B. Ellman, MD
The Johns Hopkins University, Division of Sports Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Center
Denver, CO, USA
Eric J. Cotter, MD
Orthopedic Surgery Resident, Andrew K. Ence, MD
Department of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
Madison, WI, USA Charleston, SC, USA
William M. Cregar, MD Lars Engebretsen, MD, PhD
Resident, Professor,
Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Clinic,
Rush University Medical Center, University Hospital,
Chicago, IL, USA University of Oslo;
Co-Chair,
Iswadi Damasena, FRACS FAOrthA Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Senior Knee Fellow, Oslo, Norway
Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery,
University Hospital Coventry and Warwick, Jack Farr, MD
Warwickshire, UK Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Robert S. Dean, BS OrthoIndy Knee Preservation,
Twin Cities Orthopedics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Edina, MN, USA
Florent Franck, MD
David DeJour, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Department of knee surgery, Centre Orthopédique Santy;
Lyon-Ortho-Clinic, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé,
Clinique de la Sauvegarde, Lyon, France
Lyon, France
Rachel M. Frank, MD
Jean Romain Delaloye, MD Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Associate Professor,
Centre Orthopédique Santy; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery;
Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Director, Joint Preservation Program,
Lyon, France University of Colorado School of Medicine,
Denver, CO, USA
Nicholas N. DePhillipo, PhD, ATC, OTC
Twin Cities Orthopedics, Brett A. Fritsch, FRACS FAOrthA
Edina, MN, USA; Orthopaedic Knee Surgeon,
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, North Shore Knee Clinic,
Department of Sports Medicine, Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Oslo, Norway
Freddie H. Fu, MD
Theresa Diermeier, MD Distinguished Professor and Chairman,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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List of Contributors vii
John P. Fulkerson, MD Betina B. Hinckel, MD, PhD
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Assistant Professor,
Yale University, Oakland University;
New Haven, CT, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
William Beaumont Hospital,
Nathan R. Graden, BS Royal Oak, MI, USA
Medical Student,
University of Minnesota Medical School, Hailey P. Huddleston, BS
Minneapolis, MN, USA Research Fellow,
Department of Orthopedics,
Andrew G. Geeslin, MD Division of Sports Medicine,
Clinical Assistant Professor, Rush University Medical Center,
WMU School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
Adjunct Associate Professor,
WMU Mechanical Engineering; David H. Kahat, BA
Ascension Borgess Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical School,
Kalamazoo, MI, USA Minneapolis, MN, USA
Pablo Eduardo Gelber, MD, PhD Patrick Kane, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon/Associate Professor Premier Orthopaedic Bone and Joint Care,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beebe Healthcare,
Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Lewes, DE, USA
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona;
ICATME-Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Nicholas I. Kennedy, MD
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Orthopedic Resident Surgeon,
Barcelona, Spain Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine,
Mayo Clinic,
Alan Getgood, MPhil, MD, FRCS(Tr&Orth) Rochester, MN, USA
Consultant Knee Surgeon,
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic; Mininder S. Kocher, MD, MPH
Associate Professor, Chief, Division of Sports Medicine
Division of Orthopaedics, Boston Children’s Hospital,
Department of Surgery, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Western University, Harvard Medical School,
London, ON, Canada Boston, MA, USA
Ron Gilat, MD Kyle N. Kunze, MD
Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Chicago, IL, USA; Hospital for Special Surgery,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York, NY, USA
Shamir Medical Center and Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv, Israel Aaron J. Krych, MD
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery,
Matthew D. Giordanelli, PT, DPT, SCS, ATC, CSCS Mayo Clinic,
Physical Therapist, Rochester, MN, USA
Berkana Rehabilitation Institute,
Fort Collins, CO, USA Jaren LaGreca, MD
Orthopedic Resident Surgeon,
Andreas Gomoll, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota,
Hospital for Special Surgery, Minneapolis, MN, USA
New York, NY, USA
Robert F. LaPrade, MD, PhD
Simon Görtz, MD Complex Knee Surgeon,
Attending Physician, Twin Cities Orthopedics;
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Adjunct Professor,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital/MassGeneralBrigham (MGB), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Boston, MA USA University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN, USA
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viii List of Contributors
Christian Lattermann, MD Gilbert Moatshe, MD, PhD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Clinic,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Oslo University Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, University of Oslo;
Boston, MA, USA OSTRC, Norwegian School of Sports Science,
Oslo, Norway
George LeBus, MD
Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Surgeon, Farrah A. Monibi, DVM, PhD
Orthopedic Specialty Associates, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service,
Fort Worth, TX, USA Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration,
Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program,
Bruce A. Levy, MD Hospital for Special Surgery,
Professor, New York, NY, USA
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine,
Mayo Clinic, Brett Mueller, PT, DPT, SCS
Rochester, MN, USA Physical Therapist,
Howard Head Sports Medicine,
Martin Lind, MD, PhD Gypsum, CO, USA
Professor,
Department of Orthopedics, Volker Musahl, MD
Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Aarhus N, Denmark University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
James P. Linklater MBBS, BMedSc, FRANZCR
Castlereagh Imaging, Stefano Muzzi, MD
NSW, Australia Clinical Fellow,
Department of knee surgery,
Alexander E. Loeb, MD Lyon-Ortho-Clinic,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinique de la Sauvegarde,
The Johns Hopkins University, Lyon, France
Baltimore, MD, USA
Luke T. O’Brien, PT, M.Phty (Sports), SCS
Jeffrey A. Macalena, MD Vail, CO, USA
Assistant Professor,
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Crystal A. Perkins, MD
University of Minnesota, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine,
Minneapolis, MN, USA Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta,
Atlanta, GA
Bert Mandelbaum, MD, DHL (Hon.)
Cedars Sinai Kerlan Jobe Institute, Charles Pioger, MD
Santa Monica, CA, USA Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Centre Orthopédique Santy;
R. Kyle Martin, MD, FRCSC Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé,
Assistant Professor, Lyon, France
Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
University of Minnesota, Hollis G. Potter, MD
Saint Cloud, MN, USA Chairman, Department of Radiology & Imaging,
Coleman Chair in MRI Research,
Sean J. Meredith, MD Senior Scientist, Research Division
Assistant Professor, Hospital for Special Surgery,
Department of Orthopaedics, Professor of Radiology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College,
Baltimore, MD, USA New York, NY, USA
Justin J. Mitchell, MD Nicolas Pujol, MD
Sports Medicine Surgeon, Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Gundersen Health System, Department of Orthopedics,
Department of Sports Medicine, Centre Hospitalier De Versailles,
La Crosse, WI, USA Le Chesnay, France
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