Table Of ContentETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN A
POST-COMMUNIST WORLD
Also by Kumar Rupesinghe
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN UGANDA (editor)
EARLY WARNING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION (co-editor
with Mlchilco Kuroda)
ETHNIC CONFLICT AND HUMAN RIGHTS (editor)
INTERNAL CONFLICT AND GOVERNANCE (editor)
Ethnicity and Conflict
in a Post-Communist
World
The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and
China
Edited by
Kumar Rupesinghe
Senior Research Fellow
International Peace Research Institute. Oslo
Peter King
Director. Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies.
University of Sydney
and
Olga Vorkunova
Research Fellow
Institute of World Economy and
International Relations. Moscow
palgrave
macmillan
e
Editorial mailer and selection Kumlll" Rupesinghe. Peler King and
Olga Vorkunova 1992
Text eThe Macmillan Press Ltd 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
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First published in the United States of America 1992 by
Scholarly and Reference Division.
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS. INC .•
175 Fifth Avenue.
New York. N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-08565-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ethnicity and conflict in a post-communist world: the Soviet Union.
Eastern Europe. and China 1e dited by Kumar Rupesinghe. Peter
King. and Olga Vorkunova.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-08565-0
I. Soviet Union-Ethnic relations. 2. Europe. Eastern-Ethnic
relations. 3. Soviet Union-Politics and government-198S-1991.
4. Europe. Eastern-Politics and government-I 989- S. Post
-communism-8oviet Union. 6. Post-communism-Europe. Eastern.
l. Rupesinghe. Kumar. II. King. Peter. 1936- • III. Vorkunova.
Olga, 1951- .
DK33. E835 1992
305.8' 009171 • 7-<1c20 92-11320
CIP
IO 9 8 7 6 5 4
03 02 01 00 99 98
Contents
Preface vii
Notes on the Contributors ix
Introduction xiii
1. Peter King
The Future of the Soviet Union:
Deconstruction versus Disintegration 1
2. Valery A Tishkov
Inventions and Manifestation of Ethno-Nationalism
in and after the Soviet Union 41
3. Galina Soldatova
Inter-ethnic Tension in the USSR:
A Socia-Psychological Perspective 66
4. Olga Vorkunova
Management of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts
in the Soviet Union 78
5. A & M. Kirch
National Minorities in Estonia 89
6. M. Ustinova
Causes ofInter-Ethnic Conflict in Latvia 106
7. V. Nadein-Raevski
The Azerbaijani-Armenian Conflict:
Possible Paths towards Resolution 113
v
8. Anatoly N. Yamskov
Inter-Ethnic Conflict in the Trans-caucasus:
A Case Study of Nagorno-Karabakh 131
9. Abdulaziz Kamilov
Internal Conflicts in Soviet Central Asia:
Causes and Consequences 141
10. Talib Saidbaev
Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Central Asia:
Social and Religious Perspectives 151
11. TairF. Tairov
Communism and National Self-Determination
in Central Asia 171
12. Harald B.ckman
The Brewing Ethnic Conflicts in China
and Their Historical Background 183
13. Miroslav Hroch
Linguistic Conflicts in Eastern Europe
and their Historical Parallels 199
14. Borislav TafradJiski et aI.
The Ethnic Conflict in Bulgaria:
History and Current Problems 209
15. Gy6rgi Csepeli
National Identity in Post-Communist
Hungary 231
16. Sergej Flere
Cognitive Adequacy of Sociological Theories
in Explaining Ethnic Antagonism in Yugoslavia 251
Index 271
Preface
Three years ago, a new commission devoted to internal conflicts
and their resolution (ICON) was established within the
International Peace Research Association (IPRA) in response to
the growing recognition that internal conflicts within existing
state boundaries would become the dominant form of conflict.
ICON has become a loose network of scholars working in the
area of internal conflict and governance pursuing an inter
disciplinary, global approach to conflicts and their trans
formation. ICON aims to stimulate and support scholarly work
on early warning and conflict prevention, and holistic studies on
conflict transformation. The present three volumes, and others
planned for the future, are intended to contribute to the field,
not least by encouraging scholars from regions of conflict to
contribute to the discussion.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the various donors who financed
the preparation and pUblication of these three volumes,
containing contributions by nearly 50 scholars from many
regions of the world who met at IPRA's XIII General Conference
in Groningen in the Netherlands, from 3-7 July 1990. Without
our donors' support, these publications would never have
materialized. Particular thanks to Jan Ryssennars of the
Netherlands Organization for International Development
Cooperation (NOVIB), to Halle Jf/Jm Hanssen and Ann Bauer of
the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Werner Lottje of
the Evangelical Church in Germany, to Jan Erichsen of Kirkens
Nf/Jdhjelp, and to Hiroshi Fuse, President of the Institute of
Peace and Justice of the Risho Kosei-Kai.
Our special gratitude to Belinda Holdsworth of Macmillan
Press Ltd who encouraged us to proceed with publication, and to
Macmillancs obliging cooperation throughout the editorial
process.
vii
viii Preface
The editors would also like to thank Beth Steiner and Per
Olav Maurstad for helping to organize the Groningen conference
participation, and Arild Engelsen Ruud, Morten Lf,ttveit, and Jan
Helge Hordnes for careful pre-editing of the papers included in
this volume, and for their painstaking work with references. Jan
Helge Hordnes did particularly fine work in getting all the
manuscripts into camera-ready form. Susan H,ivik has given
much of her spare time in language editing; Erik IvAs typed
some of the manuscripts. I would like to thank Tord H,ivik, my
colleague and friend, for carefully reading the manuscripts and
offering many suggestions for improvements. And my thanks
also to more than 40 referees who provided valuable suggestions
and criticisms at an early stage.
The International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) provided
an excellent scholarly environment for the pursuit of this work.
Finally a special debt of gratitude to our families and friends,
who patiently bore with us throughout the many evenings and
vacations which were devoted to this work.
Oslo, March 1992 Kumar Rupesinghe
Notes on the Contributors
Harald Bftckman (b. 1945) received his main degree in Chinese
from the University of Oslo, 1980, following studies in history,
geography and anthropology. 1970-90 various study and research
trips to China, Japan and Burma. Considerable shcolarly and
popular production (books, articles, conference papers and
translations). Connected to the Department of East Asian Studies,
University of Oslo, since 1979.
Gy6rgi Csepeli (b. 1946) Ph.D. in Social Psychology at the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1981; Professor of Social
Psychology, EotvOs Loraind University; Visiting Professor
(Department of Sociology, UCLA 1989-90, Department of Political
Science, OSU 1991); Recent books: Structures and Contents of
Hungarian National Identity, Frankfurt/Main, New York: Peter
Lang; Twilight of State Socialism, (co-authored with Antal ()rk~ny)
London: Pinter Publishers.
Sergej Flere (b. 1944) LL.B. and M.A, the University of Belgrade;
PhD in Sociology, University of Zagreb in 1973. Taught Sociology at
the University of Nov i Sad during the period 1971-91. Presently full
Professor of Sociology at the University of Maribor. He has done
extensive empirical research, particularly in the sociology ofreligion
and ethnicity. Fulbright Professor in the USA during 1986.
Miroslav Hroch is the head of the Faculty of History of the Karolyi
University, Prague. His publications include Social Preconditions of
National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Social
Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European
Nations (Cambridge University Press, 1985) and Ecclesia Militants:
The Inquisition, co-authored with Anna Skybovai (Leipzig, 1988).
Abdulaziz Kamilov (b. 1948) is a Senior Research Fellow at the
Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO).
He received his Ph.D. from IMEMO for a study of the Middle East
conflict. He is the author of several articles on conflict resolution in
the Middle East and nationality problems in Soviet Central Asia.
ix
